Doctor of Philosophy Dissertations

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A Comparative Study On The Effectiveness Of Mindfulness Cognitive Behaviour Therapy And 12-Step Model On Relapse Prevention Among Persons With Substance Use Disorder In Selected Rehabilitation Centers In Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2022-09) Anundo, Jacqueline A.
The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness cognitive behaviour therapy (MCBT) with treatment as usual also known as 12-steps program (TAU) on relapse prevention among SUD patients in rehabilitation centers in Kenya. The objectives were to determine levels of hazardous and risky use of substances and relapse risk factors among participants in the rehabs, to establish the risk factors associated with relapse, to compare the participants’ pre-discharge behavioural response to MCBT and TAU during treatment sessions, and the post-discharge relapse prevention capability of MCBT vs TAU among the participants. Quasi-experimental design was adopted targeting 96 accredited rehabilitation centers in the Country and focusing on participants aged between 18 and 40 years. The study used purposive sampling to select 6 rehabilitation centers in Kajiado and Nairobi counties with a total of 120 patients. The centers were grouped into 3 experimental groups (MCBT) and 3 control groups (TAU). Data was collected through questionnaires and assessment tools consisting of Advance Warning of Relapse (AWARE) Questionnaire, the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Socio-Demographic Questionnaire and the Observation Schedule. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and presented using tables. The study established that alcohol and tobacco were the most used substances while age and religion significantly determined alcohol use disorder trends and relapse risks. Relapse predisposition was significant among alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco users. MCBT had better relapse prevention outcomes compared to TAU despite both registering significant SUD treatment outcomes. The study recommends that; rehabilitation programs be tailored along different faiths to be more accommodative. Affordable professionally managed community counselling centers also need to be established across the Country for persons with SUD. For further studies, TAU counsellors need to blend their programs with MCBT strategies.
A Constitutive Communication Approach to Corporate Reputation Management of Global Logistics Corporations in Kenya: A Case Study of DHL Worldwide Express, Kenya Limited
(Daystar University, School of Communication, 2023-01) Omondi, Daniel Onyango
The study explored how organizational reputation is created, developed, and maintained as a result of interaction between employees and external stakeholders in the context of global logistics corporations in Kenya, with a focus on DHL Express Kenya. The study objectives are concerned with analysing how communication between employees and external stakeholders on DHL’s identity creates and maintains the organization’s reputation; examining how communication and employee engagement create and maintains DHL’s reputation; assessing how communication spurs employee behaviour that creates and maintains DHL’s reputation. DHL was studied because, despite its existential crisis, it has remained one of the most reputable companies in the world. The study’s theoretical framework was drawn from the constitutive communication model, and specifically, the Four Flows theory of Robert McPhee. The research privileged a qualitative approach that emphasised a single case study research method. In addition to using multiple data generation techniques, data were analysed thematically. The study findings revealed that i) member identification is promoted by management policies and strategies, ii) collective communication and collaboration spurs organizational reputation, iii) technology assisted communication improves processes in an organization and iv) corporate identity management strategies such as compliance and customer centric culture were at play. Based on the findings, the study concludes that communication is constituted in the activities and operations of DHL Express, and this enables it to create and maintain good rapport with internal and external stakeholders. Furthermore, the assumption that membership negotiation is a permanent feature of DHL Express as it reduces the intention to leave can be challenged in the realities of life. The study recommends that organizations need to prioritise communicative connection in everything they do and communicate effectively to ensure employees are coordinated to attain organizational goals. Moreover, organisations should not allow their hierarchical structure to asphyxiate communication. Future studies should emphasise a quantitative research design as well as explore perspectives of external stakeholders on the phenomena investigated in the present study.
A Phenomenological Enquiry on Journalistic Experiences and Structural Influences in The Coverage of Terrorism in Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Communication, 2021-10) Muindi, Benjamin
Since 2011, the impact and frequency of terrorism in Kenya have soared consistently. Consequently, terrorism reporting is today a major recurring news item in various media outlets. This research employed a phenomenological inquiry based on 28 in-depth interviews with journalists who have covered terrorism in Kenya between 2011 and 2019. Specifically, it first explored the lived experiences of journalists involved in this coverage and, secondly, examined the structures that influence their work when reporting on this beat. Third, it investigated ways in which structures influence the freedoms of journalists who have reported on terrorism. Last, the study explored the implications that the structural influences have on the journalistic freedoms of those covering the news topic. Within the context of lived experiences, findings indicate three major themes: fear of surveillance, the safety of journalists at risk, and nationalistic reportage. The fear of surveillance is characterized by worries about surveillance by state security agents and terrorists, while the safety of journalists at risk comprises psychological and physical safety. Nationalistic coverage is highly associated with Kenya-born reporters – an outright biased in favor of their nation. Legal and policy and organization structures influence those covering terrorism. The ways in which the structures influence journalistic freedoms comprise two themes: constraints in accessing information, resulting in journalists exploring alternative avenues for news; and the violation of tenets of professional journalism, such as impartiality, objectivity, and journalistic ethics. Under the fourth line of investigation, journalistic autonomy is the single major implication related to the coverage of terrorism, featuring low journalistic independence, self-censorship, and biased reporting.
An Actor-Network Analysis of the Use of the World Wide Web in a Kenyan Newsroom’s Journalistic Practice: A Case Of Capital Fm
(Daystar University, School of Communication, 2017-11) Wamunyu, Wambui
The incorporation of digital technologies in for-profit newsrooms has led to disruptions in journalism hierarchies, business models, norms, and practices across the world. In African newsrooms, these disruptions have received a paucity of scholarly attention, and even those have tended towards policy and regulatory matters, or normative analyses founded on the Western liberal democratic model. This study interrogated the incorporation of the web in Kenyan journalistic practice by following the process as undertaken at Capital FM, the country’s pioneer commercial radio station. The study set out to establish the human and technological actors engaged in journalistic practice at Capital FM, as well as determine the nature of interaction among those actors, and the outcomes of those interactions. The research used a socio-technical theoretical lens and applied case study research design with four data collection tools, namely observation, interviews, netnography, and document review. The study used a six-step framework to reduce, organise and evaluate the data. Actor-network theory informed the identification of the actors, their interactions, and the outcomes of those interactions. A thematic analysis was also applied to more deeply interrogate and interpret the data. The two analytical approaches established that Capital FM practiced a networked journalism enacted by multiple human, technological and corporate actants, resulting in modifications and disruptions that were manifested in various efforts of labour, controversies, movement among actors, new roles, and spatial location. New roles were enrolled into journalistic practice, and new practices had become routinised. Audiences had acquired a powerful role through web metrics which informed journalists’ routines and sense of self-identity. Journalistic practice had a new definition, and the blurring of lines between editorial and promotional content had opened new lines of revenue generation even while disrupting the normative values underlying news production. Globalised practices, such as the use of open-source applications, had standardised aspects of the journalism enacted in geographically diverse networked newsrooms. The study also held that actor-network theory was useful in interrogating power dynamics within a networked newsroom context. The study further posited that a new type of commercial news media company had emerged in the Kenyan context, and was defined under the following thematic categories: organisational culture, key decision makers, content, revenue, and infrastructure. The study recommended greater collaboration and interaction between personnel in the two spatial locations to promote greater innovation around content development and an increased understanding among all of the web’s potential as a news platform. It also posited that the web was treated as an online version of a newspaper. This frequently limited the news content to two-dimensional presentations of news yet human actants in the news production process could make greater use of the web’s multimediality, hypertextuality, and interactivity. The study also called for greater reflection among media houses about the implications of the new revenue generation opportunities vis-à-vis journalistic practice.
Analysis of child attachment behavior of domestically and internationally adopted children in Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2016-05) Ayuya, Caroline
This study analyzed the attachment behavior of a clinical sample of 35 adopted children between the ages of two and five years with their domestic and international adoptive parents post adoption. The longitudinal quantitative and qualitative study analyzed changes in attachment behaviors of this sample at Baseline, Time 1 (60 days after Baseline) and Time 2 (60 days after Time 1). A non-randomized consecutive order convenience sample of both international and domestic adoptees in Nairobi was collected. The sample (n=15) comprised international adoptees while sample (n= 20) comprised domestic adoptees. Child attachment behavior, a dependent variable, was measured by the Attachment Q-Sort and home observations. Data was collected using observations, questionnaires and interviews with participants. The Family Adaptability and Cohesions Scales (FACES-II), the Parental Stress Index-Short Form and the Maternal Behavior Rating Scales (MBRS) standardized measures were administered to assess the independent variables. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistics were used to describe and analyze the quantitative and qualitative data. A t- test was performed to compare mean age differences among adopted children. Chi Square (χ²) was used to determine the relationship between age groups and attachment. Independent variables predictors of child attachment were determined utilizing Multinomial Regression. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient (p) was used to examine the correlation between the independent variables; parental stress, maternal responsiveness and family functioning with the dependent variable (child attachment). Major findings included: attachment increased over time for both domestic and international adoptees; no differences emerged in child attachment behaviors on the basis of prior history of neglect or abuse before adoption and those who did not have and, parental distress was inversely correlated with secure child attachment. Both dimensions of adaptability and cohesion remained stable between the time periods without much variability in the score for both domestically and internationally adopted children and finally poor maternal responsiveness was inversely correlated with secure child attachment behavior for both domestic and international adoptees. One policy recommendation is that adopted children receive a thorough and detailed medical evaluation to identify medical needs and identify gaps in development, behavior and attachment within sixty days of placement. Adoption agencies, pediatricians, counsellors and clinical psychologists also need to continue working collaboratively to assess, diagnose and treat health and developmental issues related to domestic and international adoption. Significantly it is vital for clinical psychologists working with adoptive parents to normalize their anticipated stress during and after adoption.
Appropriation of Information and Communication Technologies in Enhancing Community Access and Participation in Select Community Radio Stations in Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Communication, 2021-11) Mwangi, Susan Wanja
This study focused on community radio in Kenya with an emphasis on the changing nature of community access and participation due to the integration of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in community radio broadcasting. The objectives of the study were to determine how the internet and mobile phones are incorporated into community radio stations, examine the role of ICTs in promoting community participation through the decision making and content production in community radio, and investigate the extent to which ICTs enhance community access to community radio stations. This study was premised upon the domestication theory, the participatory culture model, and Fraser’s (1990) notion of alternative public sphere. It adopted a multiple case study design with the use of in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, document review, and observation for data collection. The findings showed that the radio stations under study, that is, Amani FM, Bus Radio FM, and Kangema RANET FM, demonstrated that they had adapted digital technologies, although the community members did not fully participate in the decision-making process of the stations. The ICTs helped them improve the quality of the radio stations’ programmes, gather news and information, interact with their audiences, and communicate with their sponsors and donors at a greater scale. However, most of the participants still preferred to listen to radio programmes through traditional radio instead of using the internet, social media, or mobile phones. This study recommends that when integrating community radio with ICTs, the needs, perceptions, and expectations of the community radio station and potential challenges that this integration may bring to the community around it should be considered. The access of the community to the ICTs and their level of digital literacy should also be considered.
Assessing the Role of Village Savings and Loans Model in Improving Livelihoods of Self-Help Group Members in Uriri Sub-County, Migori County–Kenya.
(School of Applied Human Sciences, Daystar University, 2023-10) Olwal, Fredrick
This study aimed at assessing the role of the VS&L model in improving the livelihoods of members of self-help groups in Uriri Sub-county. The study’s objectives were; examine services provided to members of the self-help groups (SHG) by VS&L, establish factors that motivate SHGs to adopt the VS&L and assess the role of the SHG in improving the livelihoods of household members. The study used Social Capital theory and Group Development theory. The study target population 1,285 SHG members, the study sample size 129 members’, 6 Officials of SHGs and 1 Sub-county officer. The study used structured questionnaires for primary respondents and in-depth interview guides for key informants. The data analysis used descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS 25. The study reported cheap credit with low interest rate, easy borrowing procedures, flexible saving habits and short cycle that is flexible the main services provided to SHG members (mean 1.00 and standard deviation 0.000). Study established that the motivating factors for adoption of VS&L were group management style, group organization, credit worthiness, regular meetings, having social interaction with others and provision of start-up money from other actors (Mean 1.00 and standard deviation 0.000). The study further reported livelihood and poverty reduction 121(93.9%), economic security 93(71.7%) and support the business enterprise 82(63.6%) the main roles of VS&L in improving livelihood. The study concluded that the services provided to members, factors that motivate and role of VS&L had an influence on the overall role of VS&L in improving the livelihood of SHG members. The study recommended SHG to strengthened attendance of VS&L transaction meetings and strong group dynamic for effective functionality and sustainability of VS&L. The study further recommended the integration of financial education and entrepreneurship skills with VS&L trainings for improvement of livelihood and economic empowerment.
Cognitive Behavioral Intervention For Trauma In Schools (CBITS) In Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Adolescents In Selected Public Primary Schools In Informal Settlements, Kajiado County, Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Human and Social Sciences, 2020-10) Ochieng-Munda, Preskilla Akoth
Adolescents living in informal settlements are likely to be exposed to multiple traumatic events, possibly leading to disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study assessed the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools (CBITS) in alleviating PTSD symptoms among adolescents living in informal settlements in Kajiado County, Kenya. Functional descriptive model of posttraumatic growth and organismic valuing process theories were applied in the study carried out at Embulbul and Enoomatasiani primary schools. Through simple random sampling, a sample of 212 was achieved, and via quasi-experimental design, the schools were purposely sampled and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS-5-R) was applied to include participants aged 10-14 years in grades 5-7 and with scores of 31 to 60. The experimental group received 10 weekly CBITS sessions. Both groups were assessed at baseline, midline, and end line using SDQ, CPSS-5-R, MSPSS, and PTGI-C-R. The study data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as ANOVA, with the aid of SPSS version 20. PTSD was found to have a prevalence rate of 40.8% whereas gender was associated with PTSD: males n=90; mean=42.02: 95% CI [40.18-43.91]; females n=104; 45.56: 95% CI [43.61-47.50], (F1,192)=6.577, p=0.011). There was a difference [F(1,192)=7.796, p=0.006] between the respondents who had experienced physical violence (n=121; mean=45.40: 95% CI [43.65-47.16]) and those who had not (n=71; mean=41.48: 95% CI [39.37-43.59]). A positive correlation [0.331(p<0.001)] was found between absenteeism and PTSD, and CBITS was found to be effective in reducing the symptoms of PTSD [t(94)=-6.935, p=0.000]. The findings can be applied by the Kenya Ministry of Health to revamp policies that enhance access to psychological care for adolescents.
Conceptualizing Professional Journalism Practice: Valence of News Frames and Source Diversity in Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Communication, 2021-10) Onyalla, Don Bosco
Journalism scholars argue that professional news journalism is in crisis. To establish the extent of such crisis, context- and culture-based research has been recommended. Some scholars have identified news negativity and source bias among the problems of professional news journalism, aspects that combine to show a disregard for public interest. Employing mixed methods research design, this study sought to gain insight into professional news journalism practice in Kenya from three perspectives: news valence, the diversity of news sourcing channels, and the diversity of news actors. Quantitative data was collected through quantitative content analysis of headlines and stories (n = 1,132) from seven major news-making events in a six-year period (2015-2020) across four Kenyan national newspapers. Qualitative data was generated through in-depth interviews with 25 journalists involved in the coverage of the seven events. The findings showed an overall bias toward negative valence and a strong portrayal of conflict-driven journalism; limited sourcing, characterized by an overwhelming dominance of journalists’ analyses; a heavy reliance on official sources; a journalism practice that leans toward news-for-profit rather than news-for-information through low-cost and easy-to-access strategies; and a systemic bias toward the elites, and against ordinary citizens. This evidence-based position regarding news valence and source diversity in Kenyan mainstream newspapers can facilitate precise responses to the concerns about news negativity and source bias. This can serve the interests of Kenya’s professional news journalists, media managers, institutions of journalism, media scholars, and policymakers within the context of the news media industry. Based on this study’s findings, policies in the news media industry can be updated in view of fostering the interests of 21st century audiences.
Covenant in Relation to Justice and Righteousness in Isaiah 42:1-9
(The University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, 2013-03) Muutuki, Joseph Mwasi
This study focuses on covenant in relation to justice and righteousness in Isaiah 42:1-9. The main purpose of the study is to grapple with the idea of whether the Old Testament scholarly research on covenant is relevant for the theological-ethical understanding of covenant amongst African believing communities in general and in particular the Kamba community of Kenya. The research employs the socio-rhetorical approach, a method used to explore textures in a multi-dimensional way. In applying Robbins‘ (1996a, 1996b) textual analysis to the text of Isaiah 42:1-9, both the intra and intertextures are examined in order to gain the narrator‘s rhetorical strategy. It is possible to demonstrate that the mission of the Servant of the Lord was to establish justice and righteousness on earth. We show these terms are relational and ethical in nature. Justice restores damaged relationships in order for a community to have peace with itself. Righteousness on the other hand governs moral relationships and demands each member of the community acts right. These demands are required in order to regulate a cohesive social and cultural community that takes each other‘s social needs into account. Moreover, we show through intertexture in chapter three that texts reconfigure themselves either explicitly or implicitly. It is shown that three concepts, justice, righteousness and covenant exhibit moral characteristics when used together. Within covenant framework they have to do with taking care of the needs of the oppressed. Furthermore, in chapter four through social and cultural texture we show how the Israelites and Judah later are unable to fulfill their obligations to the poor because of the moral decay, which affected all spheres of their life. The Servant of YHWH is promised to usher in a new era of social justice. Additionally, in chapter five it is shown that the ideological texture highlights God‘s theological viewpoint characterized by the tension between the two covenants. We have attempted to show from Isaiah 42:1-9 that the theological-ethical understanding of covenant accommodates the Akamba covenant.
A Critical Analysis Of The Strategic And Political Dimensions Of Central National Government Communication In Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Communication, 2020-05) Owino, Ruth
This study sought to critically analyse the strategic and political dimensions of government communication by focusing on PSCU, OGS, and Ministry of ICT. The objectives were to; Determine the structures and processes of communication, Investigate whether communication is strategically managed; Examine the role of the political system on the operations of communication; and, the extent to which government communication facilitates citizen participation. The study was grounded on excellence and deliberative democracy theories. A single-case (embedded) design was adopted and the target population was the communication professionals working at PSCU, OGS, and Ministry of ICT. Data was collected through interviews, questionnaires and document analysis. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS, and qualitative data was thematically analysed. The study found out that government communication was transitional, its structures were defined by the existing political power and governance structure. The structures and processes were decentralized, fragmented and tactical. The findings indicated that government communication lacked the overarching strategy, was poorly coordinated and had short-term plans hence contradicting messages. The findings also indicated that there were two cadres of professionals: political appointees and civil servants, however the two cadres were not well managed and coordinated. Further the study found out that the internet provided new possibilities for transparency and citizen engagement, it provided new ways and channels of information dissemination and interaction. Government communication should be professionalised, be based on frameworks and policies that are encultured on the precept of strategic communication.
Effect Of Church Closure During Covid-19 Pandemic On Children’s Spiritual Nurture In Selected Evangelical Churches In Gichagi, Kajiado North Sub-County, Kenya
(School of Applied Human Sciences, Daystar University, 2023-09) Mwanzana, Mercy M.
The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of closure of churches during the COVID-19 pandemic on the spiritual nurture of children in selected evangelical churches of Gichagi, Kajiado North Sub-county. The study objectives were to: find out children’s perceptions on the closure of churches during the COVID-19 pandemic, assess the nature of spiritual nurture experiences of children during the COVID-19 pandemic, establish sources of spiritual nurture accessed by children during the COVID-19 pandemic, and analyze ways the closure of churches during COVID-19 affected children’s spiritual nurture. The study adopted Bronfenbrenner’s bio-ecological and Westerhoff’s faith development theories. The study employed a transcendental phenomenological research design purposively selecting 33 participants to data saturation. Interviews conducted included 18 children recruited through snowballing and three pastors. Six Sunday school teachers and six parents had focused group discussions (FGDs). Findings revealed both negative and positive perceptions towards closure of churches. Spiritual nurture of children experiences during the pandemic included reading the Bible, praying, and listening to televangelists. Mothers were the main source of spiritual nurture of children, in addition to Bibles, televangelists, and pastoral visits. The closure of churches resulted in reduced spiritual nurture activities, reduced spirituality, increased zeal for church activities, reduced number of church attendees, missing the faith community, and increased use of technology for spiritual nurture. The study recommends the church have crisis preparedness plans to ensure the continued spiritual nurture of children during emergencies; the government should implement policies that ensure the continued spiritual nurture of children during emergencies and pandemics.
Effectiveness of A Psycho-Education Model on The Quality of Life of Women with Anxiety and Depressive Disorders in Resource Poor Settings in Laikipia County, Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2016-05) Mwangi, Gladys Kabura
The objective of this study was to determine if the psycho-education model adopted for this study was effective in treating anxiety and depressive symptoms among women in resource poor settings (RPS), with an intention of improving their Quality of Life (QoL). Two theories that guided this study were Morse’s (2004) theory of psycho-education which is premised on imparting cognitive and social skills to improve the respondents’ self-esteem and Carl Roger’s theory of the concept of self (1961), towards selfactualization.. The quasi-experimental research design was used for this study. The target population for this study was 686 female members of Conservation Enterprise Groups (CEG) in Laikipia. However, the sampling frame constituted of 484 members of female CEG members in Laikipia North. A sample size of 200 for both the experimental (EG) and control group (CG) was selected at 80% power and 30% effective size. Standardised tools were used to collect data on anxiety, depression and Quality of Life (QoL). These included Beck’s Anxiety Inventory (BAI)-for anxiety and the Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI)-for depression and the EUROHIS 8-item- QoL index (for QoL). The study implemented an eclectic model of psycho-education to treat anxiety and depressive symptoms. Data was analysed using SPSS Version 21.0. This study established the prevalence of depression as 26.7% and that of anxiety as 79.4% among women living in resource poor settings. It also showed that if these symptoms were not treated, they degenerated into severe symptoms, as evidenced in the CG, where the psycho-education treatment was not provided. T-tests and Chi-square tests conducted at the end of the studies showed that the psycho-education treatment resulted in statistically significant improvements in anxiety (P<0.005), depression (P<0.005) and QoL scores (P<0.005). There is however need for further research to establish other socio-cultural and environmental factors that contribute to high levels of anxiety and depression and leading to poor QoL among women in resource poor settings in Laikipia.
The Effectiveness of Art Therapy in Treating Anxiety and Depression among Children Affected By HIV-Related Loss: A Study of Two Children’s Organizations in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Human and Social Sciences, 2020-10) Rukunga, Caroline K.
Children affected by HIV-related loss go through considerable levels of physical and psychosocial challenges which may result into psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of Art Therapy in treating depression and anxiety in children of ages 8-12, with HIV- related loss in Chosen Children of Promise (CCP) and Amka Health Project (AHP), in Nairobi County, Kenya. A quasi-experimental research design involving experimental and control groups was conducted using 100 participants, 50 from each organization who met the inclusion criteria. Simple random sampling procedure was used to select the required sample size. The research instruments included social demographic questionnaire, Children Depression Inventory (CDI), and Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED). The reliability and validity of the above instruments is assured as studies have indicated that SCARED has good psychometric properties for children and adolescents of different cultures and CDI has good psychometric properties of a=.71-.94. Art Therapy (AT), specifically Tree of Life (ToL) was used to treat Anxiety and Depression. Study findings revealed a depression prevalence of 58.1% and an anxiety prevalence of 88.6%. The DiD estimates showed a declining trend on depression and anxiety scores of the participants depicting a highly statistically significant reduction in symptoms at endline (p= <0.0001), implying that Art Therapy was effective in treating both disorders. It is recommended that organizations and individuals dealing with children affected by HIV-related loss can offer them culturally and developmentally appropriate evidence-based interventions in order to promote their psychological well-being.
Effectiveness of Behavioral and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapies on Conduct Disorder among Juvenile Delinquents in Selected Rehabilitation Schools in Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Human and Social Sciences, 2016-05) James, Naomi
This study set to establish the effectiveness of behavior and rational emotive behavior therapies (REBT) in treating conduct disorder among juvenile delinquents. The objectives of the study were to establish the prevalence of conduct disorder among juvenile delinquents, determine the exposure of juveniles to distressful situations and determine the effectiveness of behavior and REBT therapies in treating conduct disorder. The study sample was drawn from Kabete and Wamumu rehabilitation schools in Nairobi and Kirinyaga counties respectively. A sample size of 94 respondents was drawn out of a population of 167 using purposive sampling procedure. This study used quasi-experimental design and quantitative data was collected in three time series. The Child Behavior Checklist Youth Self Report for ages 11-18 (2001) questionnaire was used to assess symptoms of conduct disorder. This questionnaire has proven validity and reliability of 0.82. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Studies (2011) and included bivariate, multivariate and multimodal analysis. The study established that the prevalence of conduct disorder was 36.5%, and respondents who presented with other psychological disorders were more likely to have conduct disorder: anxious depressed (OR=0.050, 95% CI: 0.110-0.255; p=<0.0001), internalizing anxiety (OR=0.067, CI: 0.024-0.187; p=<0.0001). Moreover, experiencing distressful events was significantly associated with the occurrence of conduct disorder. The study established a statistically significant reduction of conduct disorder symptoms from a mean of 19.96 at baseline to 8.26 at post-treatment two and this was significant at p<0.001, indicating the effectiveness of behavior and REBT therapies in treating conduct disorder. Based on the study findings, it is recommended that behavior and REBT therapies be integrated in the juveniles’ rehabilitation program.
Effectiveness of Brief Strategic Family Therapy (Bsft) on Juvenile Delinquents with Conduct and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders: A Case of Shikusa Borstal Institution in Kakamega County
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2017-11) Otieno, Rose A.
Adolescent delinquency is a major health concern. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT) in treating juvenile delinquents by reducing the symptoms of Conduct Disorder (CD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). BSFT is one of the many family therapies targeting the youth and their parents as a system throughout the treatment. The study was conducted at Shikusa Borstal Institution, Kakamega County, which was chosen from the three Borstal institutions in the country. The study employed quasi-experimental study design with pre and post-test evaluations. Purposive sampling was used to select 67 participants who were screened and scored positively both in CD and ADHD. Data was collected using socio-demographic and standardized tools. The standardized tools included Family Assessment Measure (FAM 111) to assess family functioning and Youth Self-Report (YSR) for ages 11-18 to assess CD and ADHD. Quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21, while the qualitative data was analyzed by grouping the results into themes. The results showed a proportionate morbidity rate of 61.2% of the 67 sampled respondents having ADHD, 59.7% had CD while 22.4% had a comorbidity of CD and ADHD. The results indicated that from the juveniles’ perspective, 7% came from mild dysfunctional families, 80.6% were from moderate dysfunctional families, and 13.4% came from severe dysfunctional families. From the parents’ perspective, 11.6% of the juveniles came from mild dysfunctional families, 78.8% from moderate ones, while 9.6% were from severe dysfunctional ones. Results also indicated that BSFT was effective in reducing symptoms of CD and ADHD among the juveniles, with effect size statistically significant at α=0.05, and a statistical significant difference of P<0.0001.
Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (coping CAT) in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders among Children at Our Lady of Peace and Amani Primary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Applied and Human Sciences, 2019) Mathenge, Justus Muriithi
The Effectiveness of Interpersonal Communication on Adherence to The Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission of Hiv Cascade a Case of Homa Bay and Kisumu Counties Kenya
(Daystar University School of Communication, 2021-10) Kiptinness, Evonne Mwangale
Interpersonal communication, and in particular provider-patient communication, is integral to health communication and benefits patient satisfaction, retention, and overall health outcomes. Kenya is one of six HIV/AIDS ‘high burden’ countries in Africa, with about 1.5 million people reported to be living with HIV at the end of 2019 and 6800 new infections among children. A contributing factor to these infections is the mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT) during pregnancy, labour, delivery, or breastfeeding. Anchored on the convergence theory and social influence theory, a pre-post survey (N = 161), interviews (N = 2) and focus group discussions (N = 11) were employed to identify differences and determine challenges between mothers who receive support through the mentor mother program and their counterparts who do not have access to such support. The study also established the perceptions of mentor mothers on the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programme in Homa Bay, Kenya. Study participants were selected using convenient sampling at Homa Bay County Teaching and Referral Hospital and Kandege Health Centre. Qualitative data was analysed using a Welch t-test, while thematic analysis using Dedoose was used for qualitative data. Findings showed that post-natal participants had significantly greater PMTCT knowledge (sig = 0.02) than post-intervention participants who had access to a mentor mother. No significant differences were found between the groups in terms of attitudes, PMTCT practices, interpersonal communication, mutual understanding, compliance, identification, and internalization. The study recommends provision of interpersonal communication skills training for mentor mothers to better improve their impact in communities.
Effectiveness of Interpersonal Therapy on Depression among Adolescents in Selected Public Mixed Day and Boarding Secondary Schools in Makueni County, Kenya
(Daystar University School of Applied Human Sciences, 2022-10) Nzangi, Alice K.
The main objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) on depression among adolescents in selected Public Mixed Day and Boarding Secondary schools in Makueni County, Kenya. The study was informed by interpersonal theory and choice theory. Multiple time-series design was used. A sample size of 84 adolescents in forms1, 2 and 3, aged 14 to 19years was used, with 42 participants assigned to the experiment group and 42 the control group. The experimental group was exposed to 8 sessions of IPT treatment while the control group continued with treatment as usual during the study period. The demographic characteristics of the participants were collected using a socio demographic questionnaire. Beck’s Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) were the main tools used. Analysis of variance was done for data collected at baseline, midline and end line. The data revealed a general prevalence of depression at (58.9%). Depression was significantly high among the females and the form three participants (p = 0.000). Severity of depression was significant among the females as compared to the males (p = 0.000). Being day scholars, and whom the participant lived with were found to be risk factors to depression. A positive correlation at 2 tailed was found to exist between depression and PTSD (r = .336**; p = 0.000). The findings of this study showed that IPT was effective in treating depression among adolescents. Based on the findings, IPT was recommended in management of depression and improvement of mental health in adolescents in secondary school.
Effectiveness of Interpersonal Therapy on Depression among Adolescents in Selected Public Mixed Day and Boarding Secondary Schools in Makueni County, Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2022-10) Nzangi, Alice K.
The main objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) on depression among adolescents in selected Public Mixed Day and Boarding Secondary schools in Makueni County, Kenya. The study was informed by interpersonal theory and choice theory. Multiple time-series design was used. A sample size of 84 adolescents in forms1, 2 and 3, aged 14 to 19years was used, with 42 participants assigned to the experiment group and 42 the control group. The experimental group was exposed to 8 sessions of IPT treatment while the control group continued with treatment as usual during the study period. The demographic characteristics of the participants were collected using a socio demographic questionnaire. Beck’s Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) were the main tools used. Analysis of variance was done for data collected at baseline, midline and end line. The data revealed a general prevalence of depression at (58.9%). Depression was significantly high among the females and the form three participants (p = 0.000). Severity of depression was significant among the females as compared to the males (p = 0.000). Being day scholars, and whom the participant lived with were found to be risk factors to depression. A positive correlation at 2 tailed was found to exist between depression and PTSD (r = .336**; p = 0.000). The findings of this study showed that IPT was effective in treating depression among adolescents. Based on the findings, IPT was recommended in management of depression and improvement of mental health in adolescents in secondary school.

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