Journal Articles

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Effectiveness of Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) on Depression among Adolescents in Selected Public Secondary Schools in Makueni County, Kenya
(African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2022) Nzangi, Alice K.; Munene, Alice; Chang’orok, Susan
Depression is a common mental illness and a major cause of disability among adolescents (Girma et al., 2021). Despite the fact that the guidance and counseling programs in secondary schools attend to mental health issues among adolescents, there seems to be inadequate attention to depression. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of IPT in treating depression among 84 students in selected public mixed-day and boarding public secondary schools in Makueni County, Kenya. 42 students were assigned to the experimental group and 42 to the control group. Multiple time-series designs were used. Those in the experimental group were exposed to IPT treatment for a period of 8 weeks while the participants in the control group received no structured treatment within the same period. The findings of this study showed that IPT was effective in treating depression among adolescents. Based on the findings, IPT was recommended in the management of depression and the improvement of mental health in adolescents in secondary school.
The Efficacy Of Cognitive Behavior Therapy On Oppositional Defiant Disorder Among Children In Selected Primary Schools In Nairobi County, Kenya
(nternational Journal of Current Research, 2018) Chang’orok, Susan; Yugi, Philemon; Waiyaki, Winnie; Munene, Alice
The rise in defiance cases among children in schools in Kenya calls for the need for proper diagnosis and effective intervention. academic performance this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) among children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in selected primary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. Two primary schools were purposely selected in Nairobi, Kenya. 315 participants between 9 provided assent and their parents provided the consent. The teachers and CADBI tool. Out of 249 participants who met the criteria for ODD, systematic sampling was applied to acquire the required sample size of 180.The experimental group received CBT intervention for three months, while the control gro using SPSS version, Descriptive statistics was done, Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 23. Microsoft Excel was used in processing statistical output as well as constru data tables and graphs. Spearman’s correlation analysis, chi ODD and ADHD with risk factors was done. T test was done to compare the responses between baseline, midline and endline of the study and show the findings of the study were that overall ODD prevalence was 79%, with males having a higher prevalence than female towards the adults and peers 78.2% and 88.5% female 74.6% and 85.3% respectively. The comorbid conditio and parents respectively. Risk factors associated with ODD were; low social conflicts with parents, punishment, suspension from school, not going for counseling, friends and religion. and parents. DID showed significance difference between baseline and midline and between baseline and end line respectively (p < 0.001). Since CBT was effective in children psychologist should use this intervention in primary school and also in the hospital setting so as to prevent the children from developing other serious problems in adulthood such as antisocial personality disorde ADHD since it presents as a comorbid condition. Copyright © 2018, Susan Chang’orok et al. This is an open use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided INTRODUCTION This main purpose of this study was to evaluate cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) among children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in selected primary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. According to Vanden (2007), ODD is a childhood behavior disorder characterized by recurrent disobedient, negativistic, or hostile behavior toward authority figures than usually seen in children of similar age. It manifests as temper tantrums, active defiance of rules, dawdling, argumentativeness, stubbornness, or being easily annoyed. *Corresponding author: Susan Chang’orok, Department of Psychology and Counseling, Daystar University, Nairobi, Kenya ISSN: 0975-833X DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr. Article History: Received 30th July, 2018 Received in revised form 17th August, 2018 Accepted 24th September, 2018 Published online 30th October, 2018 Citation: Susan Chang’orok, Philemon Yugi, Winnie Waiyaki, and Alice Munene Defiant Disorder among Children in Selected primary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya Key Words: Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Child and Adolescent Disruptive Behavior Inventory, Efficacy, Prevalence, Comorbidity, Risk factors. RESEARCH ARTICLE THE EFFICACY OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY ON OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER AMONG CHILDREN IN SELECTED PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA Susan Chang’orok, 2Philemon Yugi, 1Winnie Waiyaki, and 1Alice Munene Department of Psychology and Counseling, Daystar University, Nairobi, Kenya Department of Development Studies, Daystar University Nairobi, Kenya ABSTRACT The rise in defiance cases among children in schools in Kenya calls for the need for proper diagnosis and effective intervention. This is because of the effect it has on the child’s social functioning and academic performance as well as the economic impact it has on their families. The main purpose for this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) among children with itional defiant disorder (ODD) in selected primary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. Two primary schools were purposely selected in Nairobi, Kenya. 315 participants between 9 provided assent and their parents provided the consent. The teachers and CADBI tool. Out of 249 participants who met the criteria for ODD, systematic sampling was applied to acquire the required sample size of 180.The experimental group received CBT intervention for three months, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version, Descriptive statistics was done, Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 23. Microsoft Excel was used in processing statistical output as well as constru data tables and graphs. Spearman’s correlation analysis, chi-square analysis for association between ODD and ADHD with risk factors was done. T test was done to compare the responses between baseline, midline and endline of the study and show the difference in deference findings of the study were that overall ODD prevalence was 79%, with males having a higher prevalence than female towards the adults and peers 78.2% and 88.5% female 74.6% and 85.3% respectively. The comorbid condition associated with ODD was ADHD 78.3% and 47.8% teachers and parents respectively. Risk factors associated with ODD were; low social conflicts with parents, punishment, suspension from school, not going for counseling, friends and religion. Cronbalch alpha of the CADBI tool showed reliability at (α =.918 to. 890) for both teachers and parents. DID showed significance difference between baseline and midline and between baseline and end line respectively (p < 0.001). Since CBT was effective in children psychologist should use this intervention in primary school and also in the hospital setting so as to prevent the children from developing other serious problems in adulthood such as antisocial personality disorder depression and anxiety.
Prevalence of Depression among Adolescents in Selected Public Secondary Schools in Makueni County, Kenya
(African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2022) Nzangi, Alice K.; Munene, Alice; Chang’orok, Susan; Mucherah, Winnie
The purpose of the study was to establish the prevalence of depression among 460 (14-21 years) drawn from selected co-ed day and boarding secondary schools in Makueni County, Kenya. Beck’s Depression Inventory 2nd edition (BDI-II) was used to assess the prevalence of depression. Data analysis using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21 revealed a depression prevalence of 58.9%. Participants aged 16-17 had higher prevalence at 32.2% compared to other age categories such as aged 18-19 at 18.3%, aged 14-15 at 4.4% and aged 20-21 at 3.9% respectively. Depression was significantly (p=.000) higher in females at (33.8%) compared to males at (25.1%). The proportion of depression was significantly high (p=.000) among the form three participants (23.3%) compared to those in form two (18.7%) and form one (16.8%). The frequency was more among day scholars (35.9%) compared to boarders (22.9%). Likewise, depression prevalence was higher in adolescents who lived with both parents (38.1%) compared to those who lived with single parents (13.3%), grandparents (5.2%) and others (siblings and neighbors) at (2.2%), however there was no significant difference (p = 0.645). Overall, the study showed that depression is a common and serious mental health problem among high school adolescents in Kenya. This calls for more attention through diagnosis and treatment to improve adolescents’ well-being.
Risk Factors Associated with Oppositional Defiant Disorder among Children in Selected Primary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Elixir Social Studies 122, 2018-10) Chang’orok, Susan; Yugi, Philemon; Waiyaki, Winnie; Munene, Alice
The main purpose for this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) among children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in selected primary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. The rise in defiance cases among children in schools in Kenya, the social, educational and economic impact it has on the children and their families have led for the need for proper diagnosis and effective intervention. The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with oppositional defiant disorder among children. Quasi experimental research design was used in the study with a sample of 180 respondents .The study involved children aged between 9 to 14 years. Purposive sampling was used in selecting the two schools. 315 respondents completed the demographic questionnaires; the respondent’s parents also completed the socio-demographic questionnaires. Teachers and parents completed the CADBI at baseline assessment to identify those with symptoms of ODD. Systematic sampling method was applied on 249 participants who met the criteria for ODD because the number exceeded the required sample size. Risk factors associated with ODD were; religion, educational level of the respondents, conflicted relationship with parents, punishment in school, socio economic status and suspension from school, respondents whose parents were casual laborers, the level of education of the respondent’s parents. Significance was reported at p < 0.05. In conclusion, primary schools need to have professional psychologists to provide counseling services to the children presenting with ODD symptoms and devise intervention that will help in the management of ODD .This will help the children function well both socially and academically. This will also stop the progression of ODD to other mental disorders when they are adults for example; Depression, Anxiety, Antisocial Disorder which causes problems with adjustment in the community.
The Prevalence of Oppositional Defiant Disorder among Children in Selected primary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya
(African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2018) Chang’orok, Susan; Yugi, Philemon; Waiyaki, Winnie; Munene, Alice
Abstract There is an increase in the cases of defiance among children in primary schools in Kenya. This has an impact on the child and the families since a lot of time and money is needed to take care of such a child. The purpose of this study was to find out the prevalence of oppositional defiant disorder among children in selected primary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study involved respondents aged between 9 to 14 years. Quasi experimental research design was used in the study with a sample size of 180 respondents. Two schools were selected using purposive sampling. The experimental group received CBT intervention for three months, while the control group did not. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 23 and descriptive statistics were generated. Reliability tests of the CADBI scores showed reliability at 0.8 to 0.9. The overall ODD prevalence was 79%, with males having a higher prevalence than females. ODD increased with respondent’s educational level. It is recommended that primary schools need to have psychologists to provided mental health services to children with ODD and offer timely intervention.

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