Journal Articles

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Alcohol use dynamics and mitigation among adolescents in rural Kenya
(Asian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2019) Waithima, Charity Wangui; Wahome, Lilian
Alcohol use has remained a critical problem among adolescents in Kenya. The use is conceptualized as a behavior which results from the interplay between the social-economic environment and personal factors. The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence, predictors and alleviation of alcohol use among adolescents in rural Nyeri, Kenya. The study was a quasi-experimental quantitative study in which purposive and simple random sampling were used to select participants (n=1038) from eight county administrative units. A self-administered questionnaire was employed to collect data at baseline and endline after six months. Descriptive statistics were applied to summarize categorical and continuous variables while Odds Ratio (OR)and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) brought out the estimated strength of association between independent and the dependent variables.Effectiveness of the mitigation strategy applied was assessed after six months with reference to the baseline. 48.6% of the participants indicated having used alcohol in their lifetime, with 34.7% reporting alcohol consumption in the last one month. Seven independent predictors of alcohol use among the participantswere identified using binary logistic regression at P<0.05. Application of five life skillshad significant protective effect on alcohol use (OR=0.36; 95% CI: 0.26 –0.48; p=0.001) whereby a student enrolled in the experimental group was 64% less likely to use alcohol compared to one in the control group. Life skills were therefore found to be effective in empowering adolescents to develop safe and healthy behavior with regard to alcohol use reduction
Effects of Changes in Use of Indigenous Knowledge Systems on Land Cover in Teso Busia County, Kenya.
(African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2018) Ayaa, Dominics Dan; Kipterer, Kapoi John
This paper introduces indigenous land knowledge conservation systems as a significant resource which would contribute to the increased efficiency and effectiveness in the management of land and land based resources among rural communities. Despite their critical role in the conservation of the land based resources, these knowledge systems and technologies are being marginalized or even forgotten among rural communities. This paper discusses Teso community indigenous land conservation systems and the effects of their level of application/adoption on land use/land cover status trends from the time of Kenya’s pre-independence to the 2000s era. Data was collected using a variety of social science research methods such as structured questionnaires, in-depth face-to-face interviews, focussed group discussions, content analysis of literature and environmental check lists. The status of the bio-physical environment was tracked using GIS techniques. The common Teso community indigenous land conservation systems included mixed farming, traditional terracing, use of grass-strips, agro-forestry and fallowing. Results showed that adherence to the key Teso community indigenous land management systems have been on the decline since the 1960s. This has negatively impacted on the state of the biophysical environment by increasing land area under rain-fed agriculture by 11.2% and a decline in land under seasonal swamps by 21% between 1973 and 2010. Land size under wetlands dropped by about 33% between 1973 and 2000. These changes were indicative of the negative impact of the decline in level of application of indigenous land conservation systems in the protection and conservation of these resources.. In view of the above, it is recommended that rekindling, recording and preservation of indigenous land-based best practices among local communities such as the Teso for sustainable land management must be integrated into conventional environmental management plans.
Transforming Career Stories Through Poetry: A Group-Based Career Counselling Intervention
(British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 2020) Wafula, Esther
Contemplating the school to work transition in the insecure and unpredictable twenty-ﬁrst century world of work can be anxiety inducing for college students. Consequently, college students may develop disempowered career stories in which they feel ill prepared to explore career prospects or engage with the world of work. This paper describes a career counselling intervention aimed at transforming the disempowered career stories of college students into more empowered versions. Grounded in career construction theory and designed as a group modality, the intervention employs poetry therapy to enhance the development of internally deﬁned and motivated career stories among the group participants. Although this paper highlights the Kenyan context, the intervention itself can easily be adapted to other contexts
Parental Response to Perinatal Loss: Psychological Effects, Coping Strategies and Cultural Influences
(International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Topics, 2024-04) Onyuka, Linda; Nganga, Lydia; Opiyo, Linda; Ndiangui, Priscillah
Perinatal loss (PNL) causes profound grief to parents. In more than half the cases of PNL, parents go on to experience complicated grief. This persists longer than ordinary grief and is characterized by depressive symptoms, anxiety as well as symptoms of trauma. The aim of the study is to add insight on the profound effects of PNL on parental wellbeing, by shedding light on how grief and emotional struggles interact with cultural beliefs and practices when parents experience PNL. This research also aims to highlight the need for culturally sensitive emotional psychotherapeutic support, to ease the grieving process, promote healing and encourage resilience in the face of PNL. Through a review of existing literature this study examines the psychological effects of PNL on parents and the various coping strategies they use to overcome the effects of the loss. It also looks into select cultural beliefs and practices related to PNL, and their influence on the experience and coping strategies parents use to cope with PNL. This study emphasizes the importance of providing emotional support to parents experiencing PNL. Additionally, it recommends that those that provide such support be culturally sensitive and aware, educating themselves on the cultural underpinnings of the PNL experience for the family, in order to provide appropriate and effective care to each family that experiences PNL
Prevalence of Bullying in Public Secondary Schools: A Case of Selected Schools in Machakos County, Kenya
(The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies, 2023-10) Kithuka, Elizabeth Mukai; Menecha, Jared Bravin
This study sought to assess the prevalence of bullying in selected public secondary schools in Machakos sub-county, Machakos County. The objectives of the study were: • To determine the various forms of bullying behavior that are experienced among students, • To establish the relationship between the gender of students and forms of bullying, • To examine the prevalence of bullying and • To examine risk factors contributing to bullying. The researcher employed a descriptive research design. Purposive sampling and simple random sampling were used to select 280 respondents. The study used both open and closed-ended questionnaires to collect data. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. The study used both descriptive and inferential statistics to describe quantitative data, which were then analyzed, interpreted, and presented in the form of tables and figures. The study revealed that bullying existed in Machakos County more in boys' schools than girls' schools and forms of bullying varied with gender. Boys suffered more physical and cyberbullying, while girls suffered more sexual and verbal bullying activities. School environment and academic performance were leading as risky factors of involvement in bullying. The study concluded that the prevalence of bullying exists in Machakos County and recommended seeking strategies for curbing it.
Gender- Responsive Strategies To Improve The Contribution Of International Non-Governmental Organizations To Women Socio- Economic Empowerment Makueni County, Kenya
(IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2023-07) Kithuka, Elizabeth Mukai; Okemwa, P; Wanjama, L
This Study Sought To Assess Gender Responsive Strategies Used By International Non-GovernmentalOrganizations Development Programmes On The Social And Economic Lives Of The Rural Women InMakueni County. The Study Employed Mixed Approach ( Qualitative And Quantitative) And Descriptive Research Design In Data Collection. The Study Targeted Women Beneficiaries In Self Help Groups (Shgs)Of World Vision And Action Aid And Key Informants Such As Project And Government Officials In MakueniCounty. The Research Sample Size Was Selected Using Various Sampling Techniques Which Included Multistage, Purposive, Snowball And Random Sampling. Questionnaires, Focus Group Discussion (FGD)Guides And Interview Schedules Were Used To Collect Data. Descriptive Statistics And Chi Square TestsWere Done Using Statistical Package For Social Sciences Software. The Study Revealed The Following Strategies Which Can Be Used By The Ingos To Improve Women Socio Economic Empowerment; AwarenessOn Women Rights And Gender Equality Capacity Building Among Women Entrepreneurs, Address SexualGender Based Violence, Introduce Different Types Of Collateral In Addition To Household Assets. The StudyConcluded That For Women To Be Empowered Socio Economically, The Ingos Needs To Employ TheAbove Strategies During The Implementation Of Their Development Programmes Starting WithAwareness On Women Rights And Gender Equality.
Bullying and Risk Factors of Involvement in Public Secondary Schools. A Case of Selected Schools in Machakos County, Kenya.
(International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), 2024-03) Kithuka, Elizabeth Mukai
Bullying in schools is a global problem that has short- and long-term negative health consequences on boththe bullies and victims. A report by the National Center for Educational Statistics (2019) shows that one outof every five (20.2%) students report being bullied. Many studies have focused on causes and effects ofbullying but not on risk factors contributing to bullying.This has long term physical, psychological andacademic negative impact among students. The study tries to assess the risk factors of bullying in publicsecondary schools in Machakos sub county and is guided by research objective; to examine risk factors contributing to bullying in selected public secondary schools in Machakos schools in Machakos County.Theresearcher employed descriptive research design, purposive sampling and simple random sampling with asample size of 280 respondents. The study used both open and closed ended questionnaires to collect datawhich was analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. The study used both descriptive and inferential statistics todescribe quantitative data which were then analyzed, interpreted, and presented in form of tables andfigures. The risk factors of involvement included socio -economic status of the family, academic performance, parental status, family size and school environment. The study concluded that Socialeconomic status of the parents which included their state of income or financial stability was the leading riskfactor of involvement followed by poor academic performance and the least factor was the schoolenvironment.
Forms of Bullying Prevalent in Public Secondary Schools: A Case of Selected Schools in Machakos County, Kenya.
(International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), 2024-07) Kithuka, Elizabeth Mukai
Bullying in schools is a global problem that has short- and long-term negative health consequences on boththe bullies and victims. A report by the National Center for Educational Statistics (2019) shows that one outof every five (20.2%) students report being bullied. This has long term physical, psychological and academic negative impact among students. The researcher sought to assess the prevalence of forms ofbullying in public secondary schools in Machakos sub county, Machakos County. The researcher employeddescriptive research design. Purposive sampling and simple random sampling were used to select 280 respondents. The study used both open and closed ended questionnaires to collect data. Data was analyzedusing SPSS version 23.0. The study used both descriptive and inferential statistics to describe quantitativedata which were then analyzed, interpreted, and presented in form of tables and figures. The study established that about 71.5% of students participated in bullying and among the different forms of bullyingverbal (38.9%) was leading followed by psychological (21.7%), sexual physical (15.3%) and cyber bullying(11.2%). The study revealed that boys suffered more physical and cyber bullying while girls suffered moreof sexual and verbal bullying activities. The study concluded that four forms of bullying are prevalent inMachakos County and that there is need to seek solutions in order to curb it down
Assessing International Non-Governmental Organizations’ Development Programs and Climate Change Adaptations in Empowering Women Socio-Economically in Makueni County, Kenya
(The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies, 2023-08) Kithuka, Elizabeth Mukai
This study highlighted the interrelationship between the types of programs provided by International NonGovernmental Organizations (INGOs)toempowerwomen socio-economically and climate change. Climate change isaccelerating very fast and affecting the more vulnerable women and girls. It is, therefore, important to ensure propermechanisms are put in place by development actors by providing the right programs that lead to climate resilience. Globally, many people who are affected by climate change risks are women and girls. Although there are many NonGovernmental efforts that have focused on different entry points to empower women, there is still more room to alignwomen's economic empowerment and climate change. It is, therefore, important to support women throughprograms with climate resilience programs for Sustainable Development. The research employed a mixed approach(qualitative and quantitative method) and descriptive research design in data collection. The study targeted womenbeneficiaries in Self Help Groups (SHGs) of World Vision and Action Aid programs and key informants such as projectand government officials in Makueni County. The study dealt with INGOs that had operated within the study area forthe last five years and above. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were done using Statistical Package for SocialSciences software. The study revealed that the main programs included education and training, water and sanitation, disaster risk reduction management, support programs for HIV/AIDs, women and girls rights, leadership and governance, Cash for Assets and Food for Assets. The study concluded that the provision of such programs with climate adaptation initiatives led to a positive impact on the socio-economic empowerment of women and each type of program had a specific contribution. The study concludes that proper programs have to be adapted accordingly in line with climate change for better climate justice for the empowerment of women.
Classes of Psychotic Experiences in Kenyan Children and Adolescents
(Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 2013-06) Mamah, Daniel; Owoso, Akinkunle; Mbwayo, Anne W; Mutiso, Victoria N; Muriungi, Susan K.; Khasakhala, Lincoln I; Barch, Deanna M; Ndetei, David M
Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) have been observed worldwide in both adults and children outside the context of a clinical disorder. In the current study, we investigate the prevalence and patterns of PLEs among children and adolescents in Kenya. Among 1,971 students from primary and secondary schools around Nairobi (aged 8-19), 22.1 % reported a lifetime history of a psychotic experience, and 16.3 % reported this unrelated to sleep or drugs. Psychotic experiences were more common in males compared to females. LCA resulted in a three-class model comprised of a normative class (83.3 %), a predominately hallucinatory class (Type 1 psychosis: 9.6 %), and a pan-psychotic class (Type 2 psychosis: 7.2 %). These results indicate that PLEs are prevalent in children and adolescents, and the distributions of symptom clusters are similar to that found in adulthood. The relationship of specific PLEs to the future development of psychotic disorder, functional impairment or distress will require further study.
Prevalence of PTSD and Depression Among University Students in GOMA, DR Congo
(African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2022) Muderhwa, Ushindi Josue; James, Naomi; Mrukunga, Caroline
Mental health challenges are a fast-growing disease burden globally. Studies indicate that mental illnesses are more prevalent among students in institutions of higher learning compared to the general population. It is also noted that high prevalence rate of mental illnesses is found among students with a history of childhood trauma. The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence of PTSD and depression symptoms among Free University of Great Lake Countries and La Sapientia University students in Goma, DR Congo. The study adopted a quasi-experimental research design targeting 4,050 university students out of which 809 students aged between 18 and 25 years who volunteered for screening of PTSD and depression. A combination of purposive, stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used to select the study participants. Data was collected using questionnaires, PTSD Scale for DSM-5(PCL-5) and LEC Self-Report instrument. Subsequently, data was analyzed using bivariate analysis. The findings revealed that students aged 18-20 years registered the highest prevalence of both PTSD (11.4%) and depressive illness (15.2%) compared to older students. The prevalence of PTSD (17.4%; p = 0.010) and depressive illness (21.8%) was also found to be higher among female students compared to male students. The prevalence of PTSD and depressive illness was high among first year students at 9.1% while depression was at 11.7% (p = 0.013). Further, both PTSD (25.4%) and depressive illness (34%) prevalence rates were higher among single students compared to the other marital categories. Finally, the prevalence of both PTSD (17.9%) and depressive illness (23.9%; p = 0.005) was higher among the students whose parents were married compared to other parental marital categories. Based on the results, it is recommended that universities and relevant stakeholders take the initiate to provide professional mental health services in the universities in DR Congo which include regular screening of students for PTSD and depression, and treatment.
Difference in Anger Expression in Boys and Girls in Secondary School Students in Nakuru County, Kenya
(African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2018) Menecha, Jared Bravin; Munene, Alice; Ongaro, Kennedy
Differences in anger expression and anger control across gender are a crucial issue that needs to be addressed to understand why the emotional and behavioral patterns of boys and girls are different in secondary schools. Prior studies have pointed out that there are no major differences in anger expression and anger control between boys and girls. This study examined whether there were differences in anger expression and control between 50 boys and 50 girls assigned either to an experimental group which was exposed to a Mindfulness Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for a period of 10 weeks, or a control group which continued with Therapy As Usual for the same period. The findings indicated that there were differences in anger expression and control between boys and girls.
Prevalence of Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress, Depression and Anxiety Among Abused and Neglected Adolescents in Charitable Children’s Institutions in Nairobi.
(American Journal of Applied Psychology, 2018) Nyagwencha, Stella Kemuma; Munene, Alice; James, Naomi; Mewes, Ricarda; Barke, Antonia
Children living in institutions experience separation from their birth parents and other caregivers. Further, they also suffer from the effects of abuse and neglect which led to their institutionalization as well as effects of institutional care despite the fact that their physical needs like food, clothing and shelter are adequately met. The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence of symptoms of anxiety disorder, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among adolescents with a history of abuse and neglect living in charitable children’s institutions (CCIs) in Nairobi County, Kenya. Three purposely selected CCIs in Nairobi, Kenya, housing 341 adolescents aged between 13-18 years were studied. Of these, 232 adolescents provided informed consent or assent depending on age, reported sociodemographic data and answered questions about experiences of abuse and neglect. They also completed the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), Beck’s Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck’s Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). Of the 232 respondents, 63.2% had experienced abuse and neglect. Analyses of mental health symptoms indicated that symptoms of anxiety had the highest point prevalence of 84.1%, followed by those of depression at 50.4% and PTSD at 21.6%. Due to the abuse experienced, adolescents living in CCIs represent a vulnerable group in terms of mental health and psychological support adapted to the needs of this group should be provided
The Prevalence of Psychological Problems of Students from Single Parent Families and Their Academic Performances: A Case of Mukaa Sub-County, Makueni County, Kenya
(Journal of Sociology, Psychology & Religious Studies, 2020) Muindi, Agnes; Ireri, Niceta; Menecha, Jared Bravin
Single parent family is a very crucial social issue and can likely have a significant effect on a child academic success. This study sought to investigate the prevalence of psychological problems of student from single parent families and their academic performances. It adopted quantitative research method. The population of the study was 42 Public schools from Mukaa Sub-County Makueni. Systematic sampling procedure was used to get 20 schools, from which purposive sampling was employed to get 5 students from each school making a total of 100 respondents. The findings from the study showed that the prevalence of psychological problems of students from single parent families was high thus negatively affecting academic performance. The findings also showed that the students were experiencing low self-esteem while their anger levels were mostly severe clinical. Further, the findings showed that the students were depressed and were quite anxious which made it somewhat difficult for them to perform well at home and even in school. The study concluded that the prevalence of psychological problems, that is, low self-esteem, depression, anger levels and anxiety are all affecting the academic performance of secondary school students from Mukaa Sub-County. Based on these research findings, it was recommended that secondary school boards should strive to strengthen the guidance and counseling departments as this will provide an avenue for the students to seek help for the psychological problems they are encountering. It is also recommended that the Ministry of Education should ensure that all secondary schools have guidance and counseling teachers who are fully trained to offer counseling services to the affected students. Another recommendation is that single parents should consider taking their children for private counseling sessions during school holidays in an endevour to boost their self-esteem as this will eventually lead to lower anger levels, elimination of anxiety and depression thus enhancing their academic performance
Factors Influencing the Start and Progression of Intimate Partner Violence: The Case of Survivors at the Reuben Centre-Mukuru Kwa Reuben Slum, Nairobi County
(Journal of Sociology, Psychology & Religious Studies, 2021-06) Mbogoh, Florence; Ireri, Niceta; Menecha, Jared Bravin
Intimate partner violence (IPV) in Kenya is a silent epidemic. It is a serious threat to society as a whole and affects persons of all gender, religious and economic backgrounds. It touches on every facet of an individual’s well-being and affects both physical and mental health. This study explored the factors behind the onset and progression of intimate partner violence in Kenya. The study employed the descriptive research design and targeted adult IPV survivors who are of sound mind and who are either currently in heterosexual intimate relationships, or who have been in such relationships at some point in their lives. The key findings were that marital status, intimacy level of the relationship, duration in the relationship, education level of the abusive partner and the type of abuse all influence the onset and progression of IPV. The t-test showed that respondent’s age, gender, nationality, religion, number of children, occupation of respondent, education level of respondent, marital status of the respondent,respond's duration in an intimate relationship, age of respondent’s abusive partner and education level of respond's abusive partner were all highly statistically significant (p=0.000) in influencing IPV. The study recommends that: psycho-education be given to slum dwellers to reduce IPV in relationships, couples be educated to be assertive in marriages and also be resilient after going through difficult marital situations, and Community Health and Social Workers be motivated to work with slum dwellers to provide affordable counselling services and advise them to engage in economic activities to reduce poverty and also enhance their psychological well-being
Correlation between Anger and Anxiety among Secondary School Students
(International Journal of Current Research, 2018) Menecha, Jared Bravin; Munene, Alice; Ongaro, Kennedy
Anger is a disruptive emotion that manifests in an individual and aggravates symptoms of other psychiatric conditions. Previous studies have shown that anger deepens symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, a condition that impacts negatively on millions of people in the world. These studies had pointed out that there seems to be a link between anger and anxiety. This study sought to investigate the correlation between anger and anxiety among students in public secondary schools in Nakuru sub County, Kenya A group 100 students (50 boys and 50 girls) challenged with extreme anger were assigned either to an experimental group which received a Mindfulness Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MBCBT) treatment or to a control group which continued with Therapy as Usual.
Levels of Depression in Men and Women Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence at a Gender Violence Recovery Centre in Kenya
(African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2022) Waithira, Teresa; Arasa, Josephine; Kihara, Michael
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a worldwide human rights violation and a preventable public health concern. It affects males and females globally and has been linked to adverse health sequela, including depression, PTSD, and suicidal ideation. Literature shows that developing countries are the worst affected by IPV. This mixed-methods study aimed to identify levels of depression and associated demographic risk factors among male and female survivors of IPV seeking services at a Gender Violence and Recovery Centre (GVRC) in Nyeri County, Kenya. Study Questionnaires were distributed to 117 respondents, with an additional 30 reached through focus group discussions from May 2019-October 2019. Ten items derived from a shortened version of The Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D scale) were used to assess current depression amongst IPV survivors. The study found that more than half of the respondents (59%) reported severe depression, 34.2% indicated moderate depression, and 6.8% reported mild depression. This study adds to the growing literature on IPV and mental well-being. Regarding demographic risk factors, there was a significant association between gender and level of depression, χ 2 (2, N=117) = 1.038, p= .023), occupation status, χ 2 (6, N=117) = 11.25, p= .03) and presence of a previous partner, χ 2 (2, N=117) = 2.72, p= 0.041). Screening for depression and allied risk factors among male and female IPV survivors would be considered a vital intervention component and management tailored toward treatment therapies that help the survivors identify and change negative thought patterns and allied behaviors.
Effectiveness of Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) on Depression among Adolescents in Selected Public Secondary Schools in Makueni County, Kenya
(African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2022) Nzangi, Alice K.; Munene, Alice; Chang’orok, Susan
Depression is a common mental illness and a major cause of disability among adolescents (Girma et al., 2021). Despite the fact that the guidance and counseling programs in secondary schools attend to mental health issues among adolescents, there seems to be inadequate attention to depression. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of IPT in treating depression among 84 students in selected public mixed-day and boarding public secondary schools in Makueni County, Kenya. 42 students were assigned to the experimental group and 42 to the control group. Multiple time-series designs were used. Those in the experimental group were exposed to IPT treatment for a period of 8 weeks while the participants in the control group received no structured treatment within the same period. The findings of this study showed that IPT was effective in treating depression among adolescents. Based on the findings, IPT was recommended in the management of depression and the improvement of mental health in adolescents in secondary school.
Correlation between Psycho-Spiritual Wellbeing and Happiness among Consecrated Religious Women in Nairobi County, Kenya
(African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2019) Kiplagat, Emmily J.; Tucholski, Henryk; Njiru, Lucy
Empirical studies associate psychological well-being with well-defined life satisfaction and high levels of spiritual wellbeing and happiness. Consecrated religious women with the purpose of serving humanity, are expected to have high levels of psycho-spiritual wellbeing and happiness yet some of them suffer from suicidal ideation, depression and other psychological complications. There is scarcity of empirical studies in Kenya especially on psycho-spiritual wellbeing and happiness among consecrated religious women. The present study investigated the correlation between psycho-spiritual wellbeing and happiness among consecrated religious women (n=238). The study employed a correlational design with systematic random sampling technique. Psychological wellbeing scale (PWB), spiritual wellbeing scale (SWB), subjective happiness scale (SHS) and satisfaction with life scale (SWL) were utilized in collecting data. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis. Results revealed a statistically insignificant positive correlation between psychological wellbeing and happiness (r = .033, p > .01, n = 238). The study further revealed a statistically significant positive correlation (r = .247, p = < .01, n = 238) between psychological wellbeing and spiritual wellbeing. Results also showed a notable statistical significant correlation between level of education and happiness (r = .184, p = < .01, n = 238). Ultimately, the current study underscored the need to focus on the psychological wellbeing, which could impact significantly on both spiritual wellbeing and happiness of the consecrated religious women.
Spoil the Rod and Spare the Child: Examining the Colonial and Missionary Implications of Corporal Punishment in Contemporary Kenya
(African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2022) Chege, Charles N.; Bustrum,Joy M.; Caddell, Tonneka. M.
Using theoretical methodology as a basis for discourse, this paper discusses the long history of corporal punishment in Kenya and links it to colonial and missionary influences. Deconstructing scriptural justifications often used to support corporal punishment is a necessary process, and this paper argues that current psychological research strongly suggests that corporal punishment has negative and far reaching consequences. The paper concludes with a faith integration model of healthy discipline and recommends a systemic approach to dismantling beliefs and practices related to corporal punishment in educational, religious, and societal settings.

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