Risk Factors Predisposing Children to Abuse and Neglect in Selected Early Childhood Development Centers in Mathare Sub-County, Kenya

Abstract

Many children in Kenya are exposed to abuse and neglect, however these risks are highly under researched. This descriptive study assessed the risk factors of abuse and neglect in Early Childhood Development (ECD) centers in Mathare Sub-county, Kenya. The study’s objectives were to identify the forms of abuse and neglect, assess risk factors, and establish the protective factors implemented in ECD centers. The study was guided by Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory and Abraham Maslow’s theory of hierarchy of needs. The target population comprised teachers, parents, and key informants. A sample of 210 participants was drawn from a population of 1,457, and a response rate of 86% was achieved. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires, risk maps, interview schedules, and focus group discussions (FGDs). Quantitative data was analyzed using Ms. Excel and Jamovi computer software and presented in frequencies and percentages. Qualitative data was analyzed as per the study’s objectives into emerging themes and presented in direct narrations. The study found that 41.8% of children had experienced physical abuse, 8.2% emotional abuse, and 4.1% sexual abuse. The most significant risk factors at the individual level were self-care inability, with 17% of children predisposed, and physical and cognitive disability, with 11% of children predisposed. At the institutional level, the most significant risk factors were high student-to-teacher ratio and low supervision reported by 60.7% and 18% of respondents, respectively. Additionally, risk mapping exposed the positioning of toilets and children going home unaccompanied as significant risk factors. Protective factors identified included the provision of essential services and strict supervision of children. The study concluded that some of the ECD centers were unsafe with the presence of risk factors and established the occurrence of abuse. Thus, it is recommended that ECD centers prioritize risk assessments to identify and mitigate abuse and neglect.