School of Applied Human Sciences

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Factors Determining Career Choice Among Daystar University Undergraduate Students
(Daystar University, School of Arts and Social Sciences, 2011-01) Khamadi, Jemima
There are several factors that affect the career choices of undergraduate students. It is imoprtant to identify these factors given their influence on students in their career selection process. Such factors, if identified, will allow students to examine processes bey use for career selection, thus assisting in the reduction of wrong choices, and helping them start building their career path at an early age. When admitted to the ni•.ersity, most students are overwhelmed and ill-prepared on which course/career to take. The objectives the researcher sought to achieve were to establish the factors that students at Daystar University considered in making their career choices, to determine University students' satisfaction with their career choices, to find out the challenges facing Daystar University students in making career choices, and to determine whether Daystar University students' individual personalities matched their career choices. The study was conducted at Daystar University's Athi River and Nairobi Campuses. Data was collected from the students and was analyzed and interpreted. Data was collected from undergraduate students of Daystar University sing a questionnaire, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The sampling method used was non probability (Purposive Sampling) and probability (Stratified Sampling). Daystar University students population stood at about 4,000 as of the time of this study. The study focused on undergraduate students aged between 19 and 23 _'.ears. About 188 students were sampled. -Majority of the students at Daystar chose their career path and were happy with their choices. They also carried out research on their own in regard to their career choice. They were in agreement that their career choice matched their personality. Daystar x Cniversity students were not majorly influenced by their parents, peers, teachers, the the Kenyan job market and counsellors in their career choice. However family members, individual personality and potential salary influenced them in 'Seir career choice.
Psychological Factors Associated with Decline in Performance in Mathematics in Kenyan Technical Training Institutes: A Case Study of Machakos Technical Training Institute.
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2011) Obengo, Dorothy Mueni
The study focused on psychological factors associated with decline in performance in VatSematics in Kenyan technical training institutes. It paid special attention to Machakos Training Institute (MITI) to represent the 28 technical training institutes in the where the findings would be replicated. It sought to examine the psychological x:ocs that affected levels of performance among technical training institute students who Mathematics in national examinations. Mathematics is taken in the technical institutes as s.porting subject for professional vocational courses at Certificate and Diploma levels. problem in this study was that stakeholders had expressed concern that, despite efforts of students and teachers, performance in Mathematics had continued to decline due to arety of factors, some of which are psychological. The psychological factors that affected *Ziormance in the subject were of critical concern and were worth investigating in order to ase the performance index. The main objectives of the study were to establish the attitudes gudents in technical training institute towards Mathematics, to determine the factors that affected performance in the subject and to determine the z:iznship between the attitudes and student performance. From the literature reviewed, as a clear relationship between performance and student attitudes. Although the generally concentrated on primary and secondary school levels in the learning and :zz.zation of Mathematics, the principles were applicable to technical training institute. The researcher used both qualitative and quantitative approaches to carry out a—r.ive case study in which a group of engineering students randomly selected answered —s':cnaires and participated in a students' focus group discussion (FGD). A group of—:ES purposively selected were interviewed and others took part in a Mathematics FGD. All the respondents in this research had studied Mathematics at primary, and tertiary levels. They had sat for national examinations at which they hadx various grades. Their performance had been either enhanced or downgraded by a of factors. Such factors included biological, social, spiritual and especially. The key research findings showed that 92.9% of the Institute's students had '*ith grades of between A and C- at Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE).Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) level four years later, the number ofÆä±nts who achieved between D+ and E had increased to 27.2%. By the time the same sat for examinations at the Institute, the number that achieved between D+ and E had increased to 53%. The research findings also showed that 48.5% of the students mt understand the practical value of Mathematics in their chosen vocations. It was also out that 54.3% of students found their Mathematics teachers negatively critical, and a significant 61.4% ofthe students did not consult their Mathematics teachers for help class hours. The load of homework was found to be heavy, making 70% of the c.±nts to spend their free time doing assignments. The research proved that there was a proportion (47.1%) of students who, with a positive attitude towards Mathematics, xö.:rmed averagely throughout their academic life, than those who performed poorly (7.1%) •e a positive attitude. In view of these findings, the researcher recommended the teachers the amount of homework given to students, encourage students with positive provide constant guidance, implement and grade group work as well as class 'Z*'tations, show students the practical relevance of the subject, and co-teach to give of techniques. It also recommended that principals develop and strengthen counsélling zzzments to nurture in students' positive attitudes towards Mathematics; Kenya Institute of E.a=zion (K.I.E.) curriculum developers to integrate the relevance of Mathematics in the life xr- especially in technical training institutes; and the Ministry of Higher Education. CFEST) to limit the number of students per class, provide interest-free loans to technical xito enable students to buy resources such as Mathematical tables, scientificz.üZOtS and textbooks, and deploy trained educational counsellors to institutes.
Investigating Factors Influencing the Implementation of Monitoring and Evaluation in Health Referral Systems: A Case of Kiambu Level Five Referral Hospital in Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2024-10) Wasike, Mildred
Health referral systems are fundamental in ensuring patients receive appropriate care at the right level of healthcare facility. Effective monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of these systems are essential for maintaining high-quality healthcare delivery. However, inadequacies in current M&E practices hinder the optimal functioning of referral systems, potentially impacting patient outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing M&E of health referral systems at Kiambu Level 5 Hospital in Kenya. The research pursued four primary objectives: to investigate the extent of utilization of M&E in the health referral systems at Kiambu Level 5 Hospital, to assess factors influencing the implementation of M&E referral systems at the hospital, to assess challenges affecting the implementation of M&E in health referral systems and to establish strategies adopted to enhance the implementation of monitoring and evaluation of health referral systems in the facility. Guided by the Diffusion of Innovation Theory and Theory of Change, this study employed a descriptive research design. Data collection involved structured questionnaires and checklists, targeting a stratified random sample of 213 hospital staff, partakers of the referral system. The study adhered to ethical guidelines throughout the research process. Data analysis utilized descriptive statistics, including frequency distributions, and measures of central tendency, Data was analyzed using SPS software. Results indicated a moderate level of M&E utilization, with strengths in staff awareness and technical processes like data collection and analysis. However, challenges such as limited resource allocation, inadequate training, infrastructure constraints, and heavy workloads impacted consistent M&E engagement. Conclusions highlighted that while foundational M&E practices were in place, operational gaps, including insufficient resources and low participation, hindered optimal effectiveness. Additionally, barriers like funding, limited communication, and inconsistent protocol adherence limited the M&E system's overall impact. Recommendations focused on enhancing staff engagement through regular training, improving resource allocation for infrastructure, and establishing accountability mechanisms to ensure M&E consistency. Staff involvement, coupled with improved data management tools and feedback loops, was emphasized as essential for fostering a robust M&E system. Further research was suggested to examine long-term effects of improved M&E on patient outcomes and to explore the potential of digital solutions in strengthening M&E practices, providing a comprehensive pathway for enhancing the effectiveness of M&E in health referral systems.
Assessing the Effects of Waste Management Practices on The Environment: A Case of Ongata Rongai Township in Kajiado County, Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2024-10) Victoria, Mwangi W.
Waste management practices significantly influence the environment, either promoting sustainability or contributing to environmental degradation. This study assessed the waste management practices in Ongata Rongai, Kajiado County, Kenya, with a focus on evaluating residents' knowledge, practices, environmental impacts, and proposing strategies for improvement. The study aimed to: assess waste management knowledge among Ongata Rongai residents, determine the waste management practices employed, evaluate the effects of these practices on the environment, and recommend strategies to enhance waste management in the township. A descriptive survey research design was employed, targeting adult residents of Kware sub-ward. Simple random sampling was used to select respondents, and data was collected through structured questionnaires and interviews, then analyzed using SPSS version 23. The study revealed 75.3% of respondents had some knowledge of waste management practices. However, 66.8% felt that there was insufficient public information available, indicating gaps in awareness campaigns. In terms of waste management practices, 42.6% of respondents rated the current state of waste collection as fair, while 37.4% deemed it inadequate, citing inconsistent waste collection schedules, limited infrastructure, and lack of adequate disposal options. The majority (86.5%) expressed willingness to participate in recycling programs if established, highlighting potential community engagement in sustainable waste practices. Despite this willingness, the study identified a gap between knowledge and action, with 95.1% of respondents recognizing the environmental risks of poor waste management, including pollution, disease transmission, and habitat destruction. Conclusions drawn from the study indicate that while residents possess moderate knowledge of waste management, the lack of adequate infrastructure and public education campaigns hinders effective waste management practices. The findings highlight that the current waste management systems are not sufficient to mitigate environmental degradation in Ongata Rongai. In particular, the irregularity in county waste collection services, combined with inadequate waste disposal facilities, exacerbates environmental problems such as the accumulation of waste in public areas and contamination of rivers. The study recommends urgent investment in waste management infrastructure by the County Government of Kajiado, including the provision of additional waste bins and proper disposal facilities. A more integrated waste management system that fosters collaboration between the county government and private waste collectors is essential to improving service delivery. Public education campaigns must also be intensified to increase awareness of proper waste disposal practices, with a strong focus on recycling and the environmental impacts of poor waste management. Establishing community-led recycling programs is also recommended as a means to engage residents and promote sustainability. For future research, the study suggests a comparative analysis of waste management practices in similar urban settings to identify best practices that can be adapted to the context of Ongata Rongai. Additionally, more research is needed to explore the correlation between waste accumulation and public health outcomes, particularly focusing on diseases linked to poor waste management practices. Investigating the impact of socioeconomic factors on waste management behaviors will also provide insights for tailoring community engagement strategies. Further studies could also examine the potential for technological innovations, such as smart waste collection systems, to improve efficiency in waste management. By addressing the highlighted gaps and implementing the recommended strategies, Ongata Rongai can significantly reduce the environmental impact of poor waste management practices, foster a culture of sustainability, and improve the health and well-being of residents. CHAPTER ONE
An Assessment of Pathological Internet Use among Young Adults: A Case Study of Tambach Teachers College, Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2024) Jepkemboi, Rutto Doris
The purpose of this study was to assess Pathological Internet Use among young adults in Tambach Teachers College Elgeyo Marakwet County. The objectives guiding the study were first, to assess the prevalence of pathological internet use among young adults at Tambach Teachers College; second, to find out factors associated with pathological use among young adults in Tambach Teachers College; third, to examine the behavioral problems of pathological internet use among young adults in Tambach Teachers College; and fourth, to determine the prevalence of pathological internet use by gender among young adults in Tambach Teachers’ College. The study adopted the Davis’ Cognitive-Behavioral Model of PIU and Goldberg’s Internet Addiction Theory and it used a Cross-section research design. Data was collected using a questionnaire and The Problematic and Risky Internet Use Screening Scale (PRIUSS). The target population was diploma students from three different programs from Tambach Teachers College. The sample size was 292 and was selected using stratified random sampling techniques. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version28. The study findings revealed there was a high prevalence (84%)(P-value, 0.6) of pathological internet use among adults students from TTTC, 88% of respondents preferred socializing online at least sometimes, 66% reported having difficulty communicating in person due to internet use at least sometimes, 90% of respondents considered internet access important or very important in their daily lives, 89% used the internet to cope with negative emotions at least sometimes, 67.6% reported some level of decline in academic performance due to excessive internet use, 56.2% experienced physical health issues due to excessive internet use at least sometimes. Male students scored 86% on the pathological internet use scale, but the differences were not statistically significant. The study recommended that institutions such as Tambach Teachers College should implement awareness campaigns and educational programs to inform students about the risks of PIU, its effects on mental health, academic performance, and social relationships. To promote awareness and sensitize students about healthy internet usage, educational institutions should incorporate PIU assessments into the counseling services.
Burnout Syndrome and Its Effect on Performance of Presbyterian Clergy in Nyeri County, Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2024-10) Rie, Mary Njoki
Burnout is a state of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion caused by prolonged or excessive stress, manifesting in three key dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a reduced sense of personal accomplishment. The purpose of the study was to assess burnout syndrome among the Presbyterian clergy of Nyeri county, Kenya and their coping mechanism. The objectives of the study included: to determine the prevalence of burnout syndrome among the clergy in Nyeri county, Kenya , to identify the causes of burnout syndrome among the clergy; to analyze the coping skills in managing burnout syndrome and to establish the support system on burnout syndrome among the clergy. Using a descriptive research design the study targeted a population of 89 church ministers serving the Presbyterian church of east Africa at the Nyeri County. A census was considered since the population size was small. A likert scaled questionnaire was used to collect primary data. The questionnaire was pretested for validity using expert analysis while reliability was assessed using Cronbach alpha. Data analysis included descriptive statistics followed by inferential statistics. Results were presented in form of tables, numbers and percentages. Results revealed that emotional exhaustion was common among clergy, with higher rates among diploma holders and women. Clergy with over 10 years of experience mostly reported moderate exhaustion, while those with less experience had higher burnout levels. Despite this, 60.0% of clergy showed moderate performance, and there was no significant link between emotional exhaustion or cognitive weariness and performance. 47.1% of clergy experienced moderate spiritual despair, and those with higher education levels, especially postgraduate holders, showed lower behavior change in response to spiritual struggles. Potential interventions may include training programs focused on stress management, organizational changes to reduce workload, and the provision of professional mental health support. Such measures would likely enhance the overall well-being of clergy, improve job performance, and ensure the sustainability of church operations.
Effects of Community Participation on The Sustainability of County Government Funded Water Projects: A Case of Kaiti-Kamunyii Water Project, Makueni County, Kenya.
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2024-09) Awuora, Moyi Aloice
This study assessed the effects of community participation on the sustainability of Kaiti-Kamunyii Water Project. Meaningful community participation is essential for project decision-making, ownership, and sustainability of project outcomes, whereas superficial participation causes apathy among community members and undermines project performance. The study employed a mixed research methodology with objectives to assess community participation levels in the project, examine applied project sustainability strategies, evaluate the effects of community participation on project performance, and suggest recommendations to enhance the sustainability of the water project performance. The study was grounded in the Ladder Theory of Participation complemented by Stakeholders Theory. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative research methods, administering 86 questionnaires with 80(93%) response rate, and conducted 10 key informant interviews for in-depth qualitative insights. Data was analysed using SPSS-23, incorporating both descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings exhibited significant community control over decision-making, with 44(55%) strongly agreeing and 24(30%) agreeing. Similarly, 44(55%) strongly agreed and 24(30%) agreed that authority was delegated to community. Stakeholder collaboration was moderate, with 29(36%) strongly agreeing and 38(48%) agreeing. Majority of respondents confirmed the existence of a robust, long-term project sustainability strategy, with 45(56%) strongly agreeing and 32(40%) agreeing. Similarly, for community resource contribution, 45(56%) strongly agreed and 32(40%) agreed, reflecting community support to the project. Correlation analysis indicated a strong positive relationship between community participation and project sustainability (0.781). It concluded that meaningful community participation is the cornerstone of sustainable water project performance.
Socio-Demographic Factors and Prevalence of Anxiety Disorder Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Study of Mbagathi Level V Hospital, Nairobi County, Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2024-10) Musau, Mercy Mueni
The socio demographic factors and prevalence of anxiety disorder among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients is under studied especially in Kenya. This forms the basis of this study which aimed to understand the prevalence and risk factors contributing to anxiety disorder among Type 2 diabetes patients. This was done by identifying various socio-demographic factors which in turn helped in determining the socio demographic factors on the prevalence of anxiety disorder among type 2 diabetes patients. Previous studies have been done, especially globally giving varied statistics based on the findings. This study was guided by The Transactional Model of Stress and Coping and the Cognitive Model of Anxiety disorder which provided the study with an understanding of the interaction between mental and physical health. The study was conceptualized through the interplay of three variables illustrating how the socio-demographic factors could contribute to the prevalence of anxiety disorder among type 2 diabetics. Being a quantitative study, Simple random sampling is best fitted to select the sample size which was extracted from a population of all adults of ages 18-65 years who have type 2 diabetes and attend Mbagathi Level V County Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya. Our own composed structured questionnaire and a standardized psychometric tool were used for data collection from 134 selected participants. Results revealed a high prevalence of anxiety disorder, with 47% of participants experiencing severe anxiety disorder and 51% mild anxiety disorder. Age (p=0.043) and gender (p=0.059) were significant socio-demographic factors, with older patients and males showing higher tendencies towards severe anxiety disorder. Significant risk factors included duration of diabetes diagnosis (p=0.045), initial reaction to diagnosis (p=0.006), and perceived challenges of living with diabetes (p=0.016). The study concludes that anxiety disorder is highly prevalent among T2DM patients, with sociodemographic and diabetes-related factors significantly influencing anxiety disorder levels. It is recommended to integrate routine mental health screenings and support into diabetes care to address this high prevalence of anxiety disorder.
Association between Social Exclusion and Major Depressive Disorder among The Elderly in Itabua Location, Embu County Kenya.
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2024) Mwatha, Dorothy
This research sought to determine whether social exclusion increases the prevalence of MDD among older adults in Itabua location in the Embu West sub-county in Embu County of Kenya. The study design adopted a qualitative and quantitative aspects, with the objectives of identifying the prevalence of exclusion, comparing the levels of MDD, identifying factors that lead to social exclusion and MDD, and examining the elderly persons' coping strategies. This research employed questionnaires, face-to-face interviews, and structured psychometric tests to gather data from the respondents who are older people 70 years and above. The results extend the knowledge of the association between social exclusion and MDD in older people and contribute to developing effective prevention and treatment strategies and recommendations for improving their quality of life. Some of the familiar terms include social isolation, Major Depressive Disorder, elderly, mental health, and social marginalization. The study established social exclusion rate and major depressive disorder among elderly people in Itabua Location whereby, 59% of the participants had exhibited moderate to high social exclusion. Interestingly, 50.3% of all the participants screened for depression, scored mild, moderate or severe for symptoms of depression. It emerged from the qualitative data that economy related issues, lack of family support and health were predictors of social exclusion as well as depression. The study recommends establishing culturally appropriate solutions for combating social isolation and mental health disorders among the aging population such as better mental health care access, financial assistance for elderly citizens and community reintegration projects.
Assessment of Perception of Men Who Have Sex With Men on Utilization of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis: A Case of Sex Workers Outreach Programme in Nairobi, Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2024-10) Mbilu, Byrone
The study assessed the perception of Men who have sex with men on the utilization of Pre-exposure prophylaxis. A case of Sex workers outreach program, Nairobi, Kenya. The objective of the study was to Assess the PrEP knowledge level of MSM and its influence on the utilization of PrEP, examine the attitude held by MSM and its influence on the utilization of PrEP, and investigate the constraints that hinder MSM from utilizing PrEP. The study utilized the Health Belief Model, ecological model, and Social Cognitive Theory to guide the study outcome. The study utilized a descriptive research design with both qualitative and quantitative approaches and the study population was 6232 Men who have sex with men, a sample size of 147 and 28 key informants in the Sex Workers Outreach Program in Nairobi County, Kenya. Interview schedules and key informant guides embedded in a KOBO Tool Box were used in data collection. Quantitative data was analyzed using the statistical package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24 and qualitative data was analyzed thematically. Regarding PrEP knowledge, 135(92%) of the respondents had heard of PrEP and 12(8%) had not. Of the respondents who had heard about PrEP 133(99%) knew what PrEP is and 2(1%) did not know. Of the 99% who knew what PrEP is 113(85%) had ever used PrEP for HIV prevention and 20(15%) had never used it. In terms of attitude towards PrEP, 132(89.8%) of the respondents agreed that PrEP was effective in HIV prevention and 15(10.2%) disagreed about it and 123(83.7%) of the respondents felt secure about their sexual health when they utilize PrEP as compared to 24(16.3%) who are insecure about it. In regards to the challenges, 20(13.6%) of the respondents faced intimate partner violence, 64(43.5%) stigma and discrimination from family and friends, 1(0.7%) stigma and discrimination from HCW, 3(2.0%) shortage of PrEP drugs, 30(20.4%) PrEP drug side effects and 29(19.7%) other challenges which included distance to the clinics. In addition, 24% of MSMs reported product stigma associated with PrEP, whereas 76% did not. This implies that, while the majority of respondents do not perceive stigma from using PrEP, approximately one-quarter of the population does and 42% of MSMs experienced stigma as a result of the PrEP bottle's labelling, whereas 58% did not. This suggests that a sizable proportion of the MSM population feels stigmatized by the way PrEP bottles are labelled, possibly because the labelling makes the medication easily identifiable as HIV prevention. It was concluded that there is a high PrEP knowledge implying PrEP information is well disseminated and accessible. In addition, there is a high level of confidence in PrEP effectiveness and stigma and discrimination from family and community are common and highlight the social pressure and negative attitude that MSM face. The study recommended enhancing and concentrating on maintaining and broadening MSM PrEP education by providing accurate and up-to-date information, intensifying screening of intimate partner violence, and educating healthcare providers to intensify pre-and post-initiation counselling to address fears, insecurities and side effects.
An Assessment of The Effect of Participatory Approaches to Planning for Community Interventions: A Case of Christian Impact Mission in Yatta Sub-County, Machakos County, Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2024-10) Masika, Mercy
The study was set to assess the effects of participatory approaches to planning for community interventions, with a case of Christian Impact Mission in Yatta Sub-County, Machakos County, Kenya. The study assessed if participatory approaches to planning had any effects on community interventions. The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of participatory approaches to planning for community interventions. The study had the following research objectives: to examine the perceptions of community members about the participatory approaches to planning for community interventions; to determine the participatory approaches to planning for development interventions; to evaluate the role of participatory approaches to planning for development interventions; and to explore the challenges and opportunities to enhance participation of the stakeholders in planning for community interventions in in Yatta Sub-County, Machakos County, Kenya. The study was guided by the community empowerment and community participation theories. The study used descriptive research design. The study established that majority of the respondents 104(94.55%) said that they knew about participatory planning for community interventions. The majority of the respondents 108(98.18%) said that they got regular updates about participatory approaches to planning for community interventions. The qualitative study findings revealed that participatory planning process served the important roles of empowerment by giving the community members a say in decisions that impact them gives them a sense of agency and ownership. There was also integration of local knowledge in development work, where people in the community had a unique perspective on their needs, resources, and difficulties. By using this local knowledge, participatory planning produced more pertinent and useful solutions that addressed the local community’s felt needs. Further, there was the potential of building trust by involving stakeholders to improve cooperation and lower conflict by fostering openness and trust among different stakeholders. The research findings indicate several challenges of participatory approaches to planning for community interventions, including limited finances, time constraints, closed mindedness (99(90.00%)) and power dynamics hindering participatory planning for development interventions. The study concluded that participatory approaches to planning for development interventions played crucial roles of having local ownership and development sustainability, and recommended the stakeholders to support it.
Effects of Pre – Retirement Anxiety on Psychological Well Being among Civil Servants in Kenya: A Case of Kenya Accreditation Service in Nairobi, Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2024) Muchiri, Emma
With the global population living longer than any other time in history, many people will experience retirement, which is a period when one is separated from their everyday work. The need for this study became even more pressing with the problem statement revealing that there exists a significant gap in research available on preretirement anxiety globally and even much less is available in these parts of the world and especially among those serving in the Civil Service. The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of preretirement anxiety on psychological wellbeing of civil servants at Kenya Accreditation Service (KENAS) in Kenya. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of retirement anxiety, factors that cause preretirement anxiety, the severity of preretirement anxiety, as well as the relationship between preretirement anxiety and psychological wellbeing of civil servants at KENAS. This research's findings are expected to benefit employers, those in charge of policy formulation, and employees themselves. This study was anchored on two major theories, the Continuity theory of aging and the Stimulus based stress theory. This study adopted descriptive research design. The target population for this study was the seventy-seven (77) employees who work at the KENAS. The sample size of the research was the entire population, since the population size is low, this means the researcher adopted the census technique in data collection. The researcher collected all the necessary data through a structured questionnaire and the feedback analyzed using SPSS while adopting a quantitative approach. The findings revealed a moderate to high prevalence of preretirement anxiety among the respondents. The severity of preretirement anxiety varied, with the desire to retire early having the highest mean score. Financial concerns ranked second, with over 80% of respondents agreeing or strongly agreeing to items related to financial stability post-retirement. Financial stability emerged as the most significant factor leading to retirement anxiety, with 69.2% of respondents indicating it largely contributes to this anxiety. The study found a weak negative correlation between preretirement anxiety and psychological wellbeing (r = -0.226, p = 0.071), although this relationship was not statistically significant. The study concluded that preretirement anxiety is prevalent among civil servants at KENAS, with financial stability being the most significant concern. The severity of anxiety varies across different aspects of retirement, with a strong desire to retire early coexisting with significant worries about post-retirement life, particularly regarding financial security and health. The study recommended that KENAS should implement comprehensive financial planning programs, develop health and wellness initiatives focused on maintaining physical and mental health, and create mentorship or support group programs to address fears of the unknown.
An Investigation of Weather–Forecast Technology Adoption and Its Influence on Crop Farmers’ Operational Decision Making: A Case of Kinanie Ward, Machakos County, Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2024) Nyamai, Emma
Globally, climate change has been found to affect food production and thus food security. The need for accurate weather forecasts is made greater by smallholder farmers’ high dependency on rain-fed agriculture. This is particularly more prominent in the already vulnerable arid and semi-arid lands which record notably more adverse weather patterns. This occasioned the need for the present study, which sought to investigate the adoption of weather-forecast technology and its influence on crop farmers’ operational decision making with reference to Kinanie Ward, Athi River – Machakos County, Kenya. More specifically, the study had the following objectives: Determine the crop farmers’ perception of weather forecasting technology; Identify the level of adoption of weather forecasting technology by the crop farmers; Ascertain the operational decisions that crop farmers make on the basis of the weather information they receive; and Investigate farmers’ challenges in adopting weather forecasting technology. The theories guiding this research were the Diffusion of Innovation theory and the Technology Acceptance Model. This study employed descriptive survey design and utilized both structured questionnaires and interview guide to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. Consequently, both quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques were employed in analyzing it. While quantitative analysis involved both descriptive and inferential statistics, qualitative analysis entailed the thematic content analysis technique. The findings of this study revealed that 62.8% of those interviewed had a positive perception of weather forecasting technologies with 73% favoring weather forecasts from the extension officers and actual adoption of weather forecasting technologies being 43.9%. The operational decisions made on the farm due to having access to weather forecast technology relate to crop husbandry (which crop to plant) (50%) as the information accessed mostly relates to onset of rainfall and temperature information. It was quite evident that crop farmers are ready to learn, adopt and optimally use weather forecast technologies as long as their concerns are met. The study recommended that the willingness displayed by the farmers to adopt and use the technologies be tapped into by investing in training programs that are tailored to their local forecast needs and should penetrate through effective extension services. Micro-climate weather forecasting should be promoted to ensure accuracy and relevance at the farm level. Local language use and culturally relevant communication methods should also be considered in disseminating weather information. In conclusion, this study highlights the positive perception and willingness of crop farmers in Kinanie Ward to adopt weather forecasting technology, though challenges remain in its effective implementation. Increased educational support, participatory development approaches, and tailored training could enhance adoption rates and help farmers make informed operational decisions. Addressing institutional and technical barriers will be essential to unlock the full potential of weather forecasting technology for sustainable farming practices in the region.
Impact of Gender-Based Violence on Psychological Wellbeing among People Living with HIV/AIDS: A Case of Kibera Community Health Centre
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2024) Oino, Emma
Gender-based violence is a pervasive issue that disproportionately affects people living with HIV/AIDS, particularly in resource-constrained areas like the Kibera community in Nairobi, Kenya. This study sought to investigate the prevalence of GBV among PLWHA in Kibera community, determine their psychological well-being, evaluate the impact of GBV on their psychological well-being and examine the mediating effect of sociodemographic factors. The study was guided by the Ecological Systems Theory and the Minority Stress Theory, which provided a framework for understanding the complex interplay of individual, interpersonal, community, and societal factors that influence GBV and psychological well-being among PLWHA. This study used a descriptive crosssectional research design, targeting a population of adult PLWHA (aged 18 years or more) who were registered at the Kibera Community Health Centre. The target population of the study was 5,000 PLWHA registered at the Kibera Community Health Centre. The sample size of the study was 371, determined using the Yamane formula, and included adult PLWHA (aged 18 years and above) who were residents of the Kibera community and were registered at the Kibera Community Health Centre. The study used stratified random sampling. The pretesting involved administering the questionnaires to a sample of 30-50 PLWHA who were not part of the main study sample. The pretest sample was selected using random sampling from the target population of PLWHA registered at the SHOFCO community health center. Data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 23. The study found that gender-based violence was prevalent among people living with HIV/AIDS in the Kibera community, with over 50% of participants reporting experiences of physical, sexual, emotional, and economic violence. The psychological wellbeing of participants was moderately compromised, with varying levels of positive experiences across different domains. A negative correlation was found between genderbased violence and psychological wellbeing (r=-0.637, p=0.000), with gender-based violence explaining 40.6% of the variance in psychological wellbeing scores. Sociodemographic factors, including age, gender, education level, and income, were found to play a significant role in mediating the relationship between gender-based violence and psychological wellbeing. The study concludes that gender-based violence is a critical issue affecting the psychological wellbeing of people living with HIV/AIDS in the Kibera community, with sociodemographic factors playing a significant mediating role in this relationship. The study recommends that comprehensive screening for gender-based violence should be integrated into routine HIV care and support services, accompanied by clear referral pathways to appropriate support services. Mental health support should be integrated into HIV care services to address the compromised psychological wellbeing of people living with HIV/AIDS. Interventions addressing both gender-based violence and mental health should be developed and implemented within HIV care and support programs, adopting a holistic and trauma-informed approach. These interventions should be tailored to account for various sociodemographic factors, including age-specific programs, gender-sensitive approaches, education and health literacy programs, and economic empowerment initiatives. Further research is recommended to explore additional variables that may influence the relationship between gender-based violence and psychological wellbeing among people living with HIV/AIDS in similar resourceconstrained settings.
Assessing The Effects of Coronavirus Pandemicon The Girl child in Selected Public Schools in Athi-River Sub-County, Machakos County, Kenya.
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2024) Chichi, Nyukuri Edwin
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the girl child in selected public schools in Athi-River Sub- County. The study was guided by four specific objectives namely; to investigate the influence of coronavirus pandemic on the education of girl child in select public schools in Athi-River Sub- County; to find out influence of coronavirus pandemic on gender-based violence against girls in select public schools in Athi-River Sub-County; to determine the influence of coronavirus pandemic on the health of girls in select public schools in Athi-River Sub- County and to evaluate the measures put in place by Government of Kenya and NGOs to mitigate the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on education, gender-based violence, and health of girls in selected public schools in Athi River Sub County. The study applied descriptive design to accomplish the study. The Study Population comprised 322,485 people of Athi River Subcounty.Out of this population, the study targeted target 1,800 girls aged 10-17 years old who schooled in public primary and secondary schools, 1,440 of parents to these girls, 66class teachers, 7 guidance and counselling teachers, 7 head teachers/deputy headteachers,3 chief/sub-chief in Athi-river Sub County and one county children officer. The study sampled 28 girls, 28 class teachers, 7 guidance and counseling teachers and 7 head teachers, 28 parents, 3 chief/sub-chiefs and 1 county children officer. Primary data was collected using questionnaires and interviews. The study revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the of school going girls by causing drop out while also positively introducing the homeschooling approach to learning. The pandemic also increased cases of GBV against girls including child labour, child marriage and physical abuse among others. Health wise, the girls who contracted the virus, were affected mentally due to social isolation. The study recommends that government develop guidelines for virtual learning to ensure education remains accessible in terms of crises. Government and NGOs should collaborate with other stakeholders in instituting bottom-up approach to combat GBV. The findings of this study will be useful to the national and county governments in coming up with appropriate policies for protecting the girl-child in line with SDG 1, 2, 3, and 5. From the study, the community will learn of the things to do to protect the girl-child. Researchers will use the findings of this study to advance research in the field of pandemics and the protection of girls specifically.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Monitoring and Evaluation System on Performance of Development Projects in Care Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2024-10) Mohamed, Subane Bulle
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of monitoring and evaluation system on performance of development projects in CARE Kenya. The objectives of the study were to identify the use of M&E system, determine the capacity of M&E system and to determine challenges facing M&E system implementation. The study employed two theories which included system theory and the logical framework theory. The study adopted descriptive research design. A sample of 108 participants were selected using stratified random sampling, out of which 104 responded to the questionnaires, while 5 key informants were selected using purposive sampling. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected through use of questionnaires and interview. Pretest was conducted through a pilot study which aimed to examine whether the distinctions of the group of items really reflected the objective of the study; identify internal consistency of the questions and determine the understanding of the respondents to the questionnaire. Qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis while quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive analysis and application of Statistical Procedures for social sciences (SPSS) version 29. The findings of the study highlighted that M&E system plays a critical role in ensuring success of development projects implemented by CARE Kenya. The study also highlighted the key challenges faced by the organization when it comes to implementation of the existing M&E system. Finally, the findings also elaborated on use of M&E data in the organization. Key challenges faced by the organization were outlined and highlighted mainly on M&E data use, challenges in implementing the M&E system and issues around budget and staff capacity. Recommendations from the study outlined the need for the organization to have qualified and experienced staff handling the M&E system, dedicated budgetary allocation for M&E and enhancing stakeholder engagement in the planning, monitoring, evaluation and reporting on M&E system. The study also highlighted the areas for further studies which included understanding the role of knowledge management in the success of implementation of the M&E system; impact of M&E budgetary allocation on success of M&E system implementation and enhancing stakeholder engagement in development projects and success of M&E system implementation.
An Investigation of Psychosocial Effects of Early Childhood Television Viewing on The Social Development of Children From Selected Primary Schools in Kibra Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2024-10) Waweru, Mary Wanjiku
In recent times, television has become an integral part of the daily lives of children worldwide. As millions of children keep viewing television they are likely to acquire sedentary behaviours which are linked to various health issues as well as imitate behaviours especially potentially negative behaviours from violent or inappropriate content. This brings forth a growing concern about its potential impact on the social development of children. This study therefore sought to investigate the psychosocial effects of early childhood television viewing on the social development of children in Kibra subcounty, Nairobi County, Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to understand the impact of educational programs, violent programs, entertainment programs, and the moderating effect of family background on the social development of children. The study was grounded on the social learning theory and the cultivation theory. The study utilized a descriptive survey research design. This study’s population was children 4-12 years old who are currently enrolled in public and private primary schools in Kibra subcounty, Nairobi County. The study adopted stratified random sampling, drawing from 100 parents and 4 teachers associated with the 4 selected schools; 2 private and 2 public primary schools in Kibra Sub County. The study utilized both unstructured interview schedules and structured questionnaires in the data collection. The analyzed data was presented using charts and tables. The correlation tests confirmed the existence of a moderate positive and significant relation between educational programs, entertainment, and the social development of children. They also revealed a weak positive and insignificant relation between violent programs and the social development of children and a strong positive and significant relation between family background and the social development of children. Regression analysis established that there was a positive and significant relationship between early childhood television viewing and the social development of children. Regression results revealed that educational programs have a positive and significant effect on the social development of children. The study also found that violent programs and child entertainment programs have insignificant effects on the social development of children. The regression findings revealed that family background has a significant effect on the social development of children. Findings from qualitative data analysis showed that children’s television viewing habits influenced their behaviour in school. Participants observed that children who watch educational programs exhibit improved communication, cooperation, and empathy. Participants further expressed concerns about the exposure to violent content, although they noted that the impact was less significant than anticipated. The teachers also identified both positive and negative influences of entertainment programs on children’s behaviour and social development. Teachers reported that children from households where parents actively monitored and discussed television content displayed better social behaviour. The study therefore recommended that parents should be encouraged to actively select and monitor the educational content their children watch. The study further recommended that parents and educators should evaluate the content of child entertainment programs to ensure they are age-appropriate and contribute positively to creativity and imagination. The study also suggests that families should be encouraged to engage in discussions about television content and its potential impact on behaviour.
Assessment of The Relationship between Parent-Emerging Adults Attachment Patterns and Development of Emotional Competencies: Case of Students in Selected Universities in Goma Town, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2024) Muke, Elvis Lyn
The study focused on the influence of parent-emerging adult attachment patterns on development of emotional competencies of undergraduates in GOMA Town, Eastern DRC. Its objectives were to assess the parent-emerging adult attachment patterns in selected universities, establish the emotional competences of undergraduate students in selected universities, determine the influence of parent-emerging adult attachment patterns on development of emotional competencies of undergraduate students, and examine the moderating effect of armed conflict on the relationship between parent-emerging adult attachment patterns and development of emotional competencies. The attachment theory, the social learning theory and the Theory of Emerging Adulthood guided this investigation. The study utilized a cross-sectional research design and targeted all 2430 current undergraduate students aged between 18-22 years from two universities in Goma Town, Eastern DRC. The Cochrane formula was used to compute the sample size of 138 students who were then selected using both purposive sampling and systematic random sampling. The research instruments consisted of a self-administered socio-demographic questionnaire designed by the researcher and a standardized Revised Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (R-IPPA) and the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i). The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods with the aid of SPSS version 27. The study found that there was evidence of all the four types of attachment being investigated in the study, that is, ambivalent, avoidant, disorganized and secure. Secure parent-emerging adult attachment was the most common attachment pattern between parents and the undergraduates. The study also found that that most students were emotionally competent. The study equally found that parent-emerging adult (student) attachment patterns significantly affected the emotional competence of undergraduate students in Goma, DRC. The concluded that armed conflict was not a moderating variable in the relationship between parent-emerging adult attachment patterns and the development of emotional competencies. The study therefore recommended that during counselling, the parents, especially the new parents need to be counseled on the needs and benefits of cultivating secure parent-children attachment for the mental health of their children and also by extension the parents themselves. Also, students experiencing these low levels of emotional competence should be encouraged to bond with others, especially the more experienced persons of significance in their lives to enable them to gain more confidence in themselves. Further, the universities counselling departments need to find ways of engaging the parents of the most adversely affected students and the students on the ways of improving their attachment with their children and vice versa. Finally, there is need for students in the area to undergo professional counseling to help them find ways of improving their emotional competence.
An Assessment of Substance Use Disorder among Emerging Adults with Psychiatric Comorbidities in Nairobi County, Kenya: Case of Mathari Teaching and Referral Hospital
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2024) Wangari, Kinyanjui Elizabeth
The lifetime prevalence of drug use and abuse reaches its highest point in young adulthood, peaking at 49% among 19-20 and 72% by 27. Key characteristics of emerging adulthood include identity exploration, unpredictability in relationships, employment, and residency, self-focus, transitional sentiments, hope and opportunity. Emerging adults with substance use disorder (SUD) typically start using drugs and alcohol at a young age, and understanding the predictors of these behaviours is crucial for etiology and preventive treatments. In 2016, over four out of every ten people were under 25, with 26% aged 0-14 and 16% aged 15 to 24. In 2020, 284 million individuals aged 15 to 64 took drugs globally, a 26% increase over the previous decade. The study aimed to identify substance use disorder prevalence in emerging adults, identify predictors of abuse, assess psychiatric comorbid disorders, and investigate psychological interventions at Mathari National Teaching and Referral Hospital (MNTRH). The study used a mixed-methods research design, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches, and included male and female in-patients aged 19-35. The study found that a high number of emerging adults in psychiatric facilities are often diagnosed with substance use disorders (SUDs), leading to a higher likelihood of co-occurring disorders. Re-evaluating predictors of SUDs and controlling exposure and use of alcohol are recommended. A conducive environment for emerging adults to thrive is also crucial. Practitioners should intensify assessment of these adults to make better treatment decisions. Further research is needed to determine the situation in other facilities and to rule out transitional challenges among adolescents. The study's findings highlight the need for effective interventions and targeted treatment. The researcher submitted an updated thesis proposal to the Daystar University Institutional Ethics Review Board for approval, and the School of Applied Human Sciences provided a letter of recommendation for the NACOSTI application. After receiving permission, the researcher visited wards at predetermined times to gather data from participants. The Daystar University Ethical Research Committee (DU-ISERC) approved the study, and the researcher obtained informed consent from participants, adhered to secrecy and anonymity principles. Data has been kept private for investigation purposes.
Assessment of Anxiety Disorder and Burden of Disease Among Diabetic Patients in Selected Public Hospital Outpatient Clinics in Kajiado North Sub County
(Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2024-10) Mukira, Marion
Diabetes is a significant public health concern in Kenya, with a reported prevalence in low-income urban communities of 4.1–5.3% of individuals and 43.7% of cases remaining undiagnosed. The psychological impact of this chronic condition, particularly anxiety disorders, is often overlooked in diabetes management. This study aimed to assess anxiety disorders and the burden of disease among diabetic patients in selected public hospital outpatient clinics in Kajiado North Sub County, Kenya. The research sought to determine the prevalence of anxiety disorders, identify their relationship with sociodemographic characteristics, assess the burden of anxiety disorders, and analyze coping strategies among diabetic patients. Grounded in the Transactional Theory of Stress and Coping and Social Cognitive Theory, the study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design, utilizing purposive sampling to collect data from 333 diabetic patients across two public hospitals. Data was collected using the Beck Anxiety Inventory, Disease Burden Morbidity Assessment, and Brief Cope Inventory, and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found a high prevalence of anxiety disorders, with 60.4% of respondents experiencing moderate anxiety symptoms and 9.8% reporting severe anxiety. Significant associations were identified between anxiety disorder prevalence and various sociodemographic characteristics. The burden of anxiety disorder was moderate (mean score 2.05 on a 4-point scale), with the highest impact on emotional well-being. Religious practices and social support emerged as primary coping strategies. The study recommends implementing routine anxiety screening in diabetes care, developing targeted interventions based on sociodemographic characteristics, and establishing comprehensive support programs that address both physical and emotional aspects of diabetes management.

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