The Institutionalization of Digital Diplomacy for the Advancement of Foreign Policy: A Case of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kenya 2020 – 2024

Abstract

In an increasingly progressive world marked by change, African countries require new technologies to advance their foreign policies. This same influence extends into the realm of diplomacy, giving rise to the concept of Digital Diplomacy. Despite offering significant advantages, studies acknowledge that developing countries have had varied experiences with integrating digital technology into the conduct of foreign policy. This digital divide leaves African countries lagging in development as African leaders struggle to leverage these technologies effectively to implement foreign policy objectives. As Kenya recognizes the transformative potential of digital communication technologies in shaping its foreign policy objectives, this study sought to bridge the gap in understanding by exploring its efforts in digital diplomacy, specifically examining how digital technologies are implemented to advance Kenya’s foreign policy objectives. The main objectives were: to explore the forms of digital technology used to promote Kenya’s foreign policy, understand the implications of their influence, and assess the challenges faced in leveraging them as tools for foreign policy and diplomacy. This study employed theoretical perspectives from Actor-Network Theory (ANT) and Agenda Setting Theory to analyze the dynamics of digital diplomacy, the involvement of key actors, and their influence in international and public relations. The research adopted a qualitative research design to gather data, explore ideas, and generate insights. In-depth interviews were conducted with senior and junior officials in the Ministry of Foreign and Diaspora Affairs, specifically staff serving in protocol, and representatives on diplomatic missions. The key findings were that since COVID-19, Kenya has accelerated the use of Digital Diplomacy to promote its foreign policy, and that it plays an integral role as a communication tool in Kenya’s diplomatic toolkit. However, challenges to the effective use of digital skills exist. To further the effectiveness of digital diplomacy, Kenya has recognized it as a separate pillar in its 2024 foreign policy review, developing a dedicated strategic framework for its use and ensuring policymakers and representatives are skilled in its application. This approach has enhanced Kenya’s position as an influential player in international affairs, considering that technology continues to evolve. The findings of this study are relevant to policymakers and institutions that formulate Kenya’s Foreign Policy.