School of Arts and Social Sciences

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The Kenya Refugee Act 2021 Implications for Urban Refugees Social-Economic Inclusion: Case Study of Eastleigh, Kenya.
(Daystar University, School of Arts and Social Sciences, 2024) Muyoka, Rose Angela
The dynamic refugee situation has overtime shifted to become a long-term concern across the globe. This has transformed the debate around refugees moving away from the traditional humanitarian assistance approach which emphasized the aspect of ‘care and maintenance’ towards ‘self-reliance and economic inclusion’ for refugees. The new shift in approach is projected to offer a permanent solution for refugee’s outstanding crisis in their host countries. In Kenya, the newly enacted Refugee Act, 2021, comes as a beacon of hope to provide a lifeline to the resolution of protracted refugee crisis. This study critically analyzes the implications of Refugee Act, 2021, on Eastleigh urban refugees social-economic inclusion. With an aim of promoting a better understanding on factors that foster implementation of the Act’s good intent, the study aids in formulation of practical policies and action from relevant stake holders. To attain this, the study employed various theoretical framework including the Compliance-based theory and Refugee Aid theory. Using the qualitative research method, the study adopted the descriptive research design in its undertaking with the aim of collecting qualitative data using various data collection tools such as the Key Informants Interviews and Focused Group Discussions. Given the vast number and backgrounds of refugees living within Eastleigh area, the study adopted a Purposive and Snowball sampling techniques to obtain a sample frame from urban Somali refugees, government and non-government organizations such as the Department of Refugee Services, the UNHCR, Refugee Consortium of Kenya, Kituo Cha Sheria, Community and Faith Based Organizations who provided the study’s primary data. The research equally encompasses secondary data obtained from secondary sources such as the Acts of Parliament, Conventions, books, journals, online sources etc. The collected data has been analyzed using the Thematic Analysis method which findings and recommendations are utilized for enrichment to stakeholders, policy development and adoption of a possible permanent solution to the refugee crisis in Kenya and relative jurisdictions.
The Practice of Transnational Organized Crime and Its Threats to Human Security: A Case Study of Human Trafficking in Wajir County, Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Arts and Social Sciences, 2024-10) Aruasa, Miriam Chepkirui
Human trafficking has become a global concern negatively impacting nations and thus required an appropriate response. The main purpose of the study was to analyze the practice of human trafficking as transnational organized crime on human security with specific reference to Wajir County, Kenya. Human trafficking was a complex process that required a number of steps to be completed. It was a global problem that affected human security in many ways. The practice of human trafficking as transnational organized crime violated fundamental human rights and threatened the safety and wellbeing of its victims. The problem was particularly acute in Wajir County, where the trafficking of women and children for forced labor and sexual exploitation was prevalent. Hence the study adopted the following specific objectives; to determine the effects of human trafficking on human security in Wajir County, Kenya; to examine the causes of human trafficking on human security in Wajir County, Kenya; and to suggest the measures in tackling human trafficking on human security in Wajir County, Kenya. The following were the theories that underpinned the study’s topic and objectives: modern slavery theory and routine activity theory, these theories were important frameworks in understanding and combating this transnational crime that threatened human security. This study used an exploratory research design and the focus of this research was on the County of Wajir in Kenya's North Eastern Region. The target population was 781,263 people living in Wajir County, however, using stratified random sampling, Wajir town was selected. Moreover, using purposive sampling, the unit of inquiry was selected, including senior police officers, immigration officers, and community leaders, hence a sample size of 9 was adopted in this research. Primary data and secondary data were used as the research instruments, while the data collection method was through an interview guide. The researcher used data triangulation, sourced from open-ended interview questions, to create a comprehensive perspective on the relationship between human trafficking and human security. Findings revealed severe physical and psychological harm inflicted upon victims, highlighting the urgent need for comprehensive support systems. Human trafficking disrupted communities socioeconomically and culturally, emphasizing the necessity for holistic strategies addressing systemic factors. Effective interventions included extensive awareness campaigns, law enforcement training, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. Recommendations stressed prioritizing rehabilitation efforts, addressing root causes, and fostering coordinated action across sectors. Further research should explore socioeconomic and cultural vulnerabilities, evaluate legal frameworks, assess international cooperation, and investigate long-term impacts on survivors. Understanding the intersectionality of human trafficking with other forms of organized crime was crucial for developing integrated intervention approaches.
The Impact of United States Africa Command in the African Peace and Security Architecture: A Case of Djibouti
(Daystar University, School of Arts and Social Sciences, 2024-10) Njuguna, Martin Githuku
The presence and activities of the United States Africa Command (AFRICOM) in Djibouti garnered significant attention due to their potential impact on regional peace and security dynamics. This study examined AFRICOM's impact on the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA), focusing specifically on Djibouti as a case study. Three main objectives guided this research: first, to examine the impact of AFRICOM's interventions and activities in Djibouti; second, to evaluate the impact of AFRICOM's engagements on the APSA in Djibouti; and finally, to analyze the challenges and opportunities associated with AFRICOM's role in shaping peace and security dynamics in Djibouti. The study employed offensive neorealism as a theoretical framework and utilized a qualitative case study design. The sample included key stakeholders such as government officials, military personnel, and representatives from international organizations operating in Djibouti. Data collection procedures included semi-structured interviews, and data analysis employed thematic coding techniques. The results indicated that AFRICOM's interventions significantly enhanced Djibouti's military capabilities and regional security cooperation while raising concerns about sovereignty and long-term dependency. AFRICOM's engagements with APSA revealed complementary efforts and potential conflicts, highlighting the need for balanced cooperation. The study identified challenges such as perceptions of foreign interference and opportunities for leveraging AFRICOM's resources to address regional security threats. The study concluded that AFRICOM's presence has had a mixed impact on Djibouti's security landscape and its role within APSA. Recommendations include developing strategies to balance external support with local ownership of security initiatives and fostering closer alignment between AFRICOM's activities and regional development priorities to enhance long-term stability and security in the Horn of Africa.
International Court of Justice Dispute Resolution (Non) Compliance: A Case of Kenya- Somalia Maritime Border Dispute 2014- 2021
(Daystar University, School of Arts and Social Sciences, 2024-10) Bukasu, Mbalasi Hephzibar
This research investigates Compliance to international dispute resolution by international court of justice: a case of Kenya- Somalia maritime border dispute. The dispute over the maritime border between Kenya and Somalia, focusing on a region abundant in resources in the Indian Ocean, has significant impacts on local stability, economic progress, and global legal matters. Even though the ICJ favoured Somalia in 2021, both nations have faced challenges in completely adhering to the verdict because of conflicting national interests, economic interests, and political pressures. The research utilizes a qualitative method, involving interviews with legal professionals, diplomats, and security experts, along with document examination, to investigate the complex aspects of the conflict. The study is based on three main goals: (1) to analyse the Kenya-Somalia maritime border conflict, (2) to recognize the obstacles faced by both countries in following the ICJ decision, and (3) to investigate different methods for settling the dispute. Discoveries show that the conflict is mainly fuelled by past grievances, economic stakes related to offshore oil and gas resources, and varying perspectives on international law. Difficulties in adhering to the ICJ decision stem mainly from worries about national autonomy, internal political influences, and the lack of strong global enforcement measures. Both Kenya and Somalia have shown unwillingness to give up control of the disputed area, making it challenging to enforce the decision. The research indicates that alternative methods for resolving disputes, like one-on-one talks, regional mediation using the African Union (AU) and Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), and the creation of shared resource management areas, may provide longer-lasting answers. These methods would enable both nations to gain economically while easing tensions related to territorial disputes. This study adds to the wider conversation on global dispute mediation, pointing out the constraints of legal decisions in addressing disagreements involving national concerns. It highlights the importance of seeking flexible, diplomatic resolutions that prioritize cooperation rather than confrontation in disputes over maritime boundaries.
Effects of Cyberspace Utilization by Kenyan State Officers on Foreign Relations (2013 - 2023)
(Daystar University, School of Arts and Social Sciences, 2024) Ogugu, Omaore Douglas
The rapid development of digital technologies into global governance has significantly affected the diplomacy landscape, making cyber use by state officers an essential area of study. While digital platforms have become important in diplomatic engagements and strategy, their use by government officials can have profound implications on a country's diplomatic relationships and international standing. This study, therefore, sought to examine the effects of cyberspace utilization by Kenyan State Officers on Foreign Relations in Kenya. The study was guided by three objectives: analyzing the cyberspace utilization trends by Kenyan state officers in foreign engagements, examining the effects of cyberspace utilization on foreign relations, and assessing the opportunities and risks presented by cyberspace use in diplomatic engagements in Kenya. The study relied on Actor-Network Theory and Digital Diplomacy theory. It was based on a qualitative approach that enabled collecting and analyzing qualitative information sourced through key informant interviews and secondary document analysis. The target population included Cabinet Secretaries, Permanent Secretaries, Directors, and Desk officers from the Ministries of East African Community, Foreign Affairs, and Defence. The study selected 31 respondents for the study based on purposive sampling. Content analysis discourse analysis was used to analyze the data sourced. The study established that 2013 to 2018 witnessed a rise in communication on cyberspace tools that predominantly sought to enhance the country's image emerging from the Hague cases. However, the period from 2019 to 2023 witnessed cyberspace use towards lobbying in various arenas for seats in international organizations. Cyberspace was used with implications for diaspora relations, foreign investment, state sovereignty, and state image. The risks of cyberspace use include cyber threats, disinformation, and incorrect use of cyberspace tools. Cyberspace also presents virtual representation, lobbying, and intelligence-gathering opportunities. The study suggests that state officers should refine their usage of cyberspace tools with dominant foreign relation objectives and ensure cyberspace communication is in congruence with the official foreign policy position of the state. Further, government ministries should protect state officers from cyber threats and disinformation risks by employing relevant measures. Finally, the state should take advantage of opportunities presented by cyberspace, such as virtual representation, virtual lobbying, and intelligence management. The study, therefore, fills the knowledge gap regarding the effects of cyber diplomacy use by state officers on foreign relations. The findings highlighted have significant implications for practice and future research, particularly in leveraging cyberspace to strengthen diplomatic efforts.
Assessing The Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Youth Engagement in The Renewable Energy Sector in Kisumu County (2015-2023)
(Daystar University, School of Arts and Social Sciences, 2024) Masava, Elsie Laureen
This study explored the socio-economic factors influencing youth engagement in the renewable energy sector in Kisumu County between 2015 and 2023. Despite significant progress in renewable energy initiatives aligning with local climate policies and sustainable development goals, youth participation remains limited due to several challenges. These barriers include inadequate access to renewable energy education and training, limited financial mechanisms for supporting youth-led initiatives, and minimal opportunities for youth involvement in policy development. The research aimed to address these gaps by investigating three key areas: (1) education and training challenges faced by youth in the renewable energy sector, (2) the impact of limited financing on youth-led renewable energy projects, and (3) the extent of youth participation in policy development and implementation. As informed by Constructivism and Sustainable Development Theoretical frameworks, this study analyzed the role of societal norms and global environmental discourses in shaping youth engagement at the county level. Constructivism was applied to understand how societal norms are internalized by local actors in Kisumu’s renewable energy sector, while Sustainable Development Theory examined the interplay between economic, social, and environmental factors in shaping policy outcomes. These frameworks supported an analysis of how renewable energy initiatives simultaneously contribute to sustainable development and address youth engagement barriers. The study employed a qualitative case study research design, utilizing in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with youth, educators, policymakers, and representatives from financial institutions and NGOs. The study population consisted of youth aged 18-35, along with key renewable energy actors in education, training, financing, and policy development. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to select the participants with relevant insights to contribute to the study objectives. Thematic analysis was used to identify patterns and themes emerging from the data. The study findings indicate that access to education and training, lack of financing options and limited participation in policy hamper the engagement of young people in the renewable energy sector. Specifically, societal norms and perceptions define societal behavior towards youth. They are seen as inexperienced and high-risk individuals hence challenged in participating in policy discussions and subsequently cannot be financed for their ventures. This discrimination based on age limits the economic potential of Kisumu County as the vibrant and productive workforce remains underutilized and unemployed. The study also highlighted age based and entry-based challenges of youth participation in policy making in the sector. It was observed that Societal biases that form the basis of this discrimination against young people exacerbate the exclusion of the youthful workforce missing out on opportunities to advance their innovations and solutions for a just energy transition. The recommendations from the findings center socio-cultural and institutional reforms to allow for meaningful youth engagement
The Efficacy of Population- Centric Approach in Counterinsurgency Operations: A Case of Kenya Defense Forces in Lamu County, Kenya Between 2014 & 2024
(Daystar University, School of Arts and Social Sciences, 2024) Wambere, Mwangi Elizabeth
The insurgency in Lamu County, Kenya, primarily driven by Al-Shabaab, has intensified, with over 40 attacks reported in the first quarter of 2024. This escalation has resulted in significant displacement and humanitarian challenges. The study's objectives were to: (1) assess the counterinsurgency (COIN) strategies implemented in Lamu County, (2) evaluate the effectiveness of the population-centric approach adopted by the Kenya Defense Forces (KDF) in these operations, and (3) explore alternative interventions to enhance KDF's COIN efforts in the region. Utilizing the Hearts and Minds Theory and Rational Choice Theory, the research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative analysis with quantitative data. Qualitative methods such as interviews, case studies, and content analysis provided insights into the nuances of the population-centric approach. The study targeted 110,000 individuals, including KDF personnel, police officers, local community members, advocacy group managers, and county commissioners/deputy county commissioners, across Lamu town, Mpeketoni, Witu, Hindi, and Kiunga. A sample of 384 respondents was selected using Fisher’s formula and stratified random sampling, consisting of 78 KDF personnel, 52 police officers, 233 local community members, 20 advocacy group managers, and 1 county/sub-county commissioner. The study found a strong consensus on the effectiveness of the KDF's population-centric approach, with 96.1% of respondents noting improved community trust and 97.4% recognizing enhanced security. Positive perceptions of military tactics (94.8%) and KDF-community cooperation (97.4%) were widespread, although challenges in addressing grievances remained. There was significant support (76.7%) for non-military interventions, particularly economic and educational initiatives, highlighting the importance of psychological operations (93.5%) and community trust-building (98.7%) in COIN efforts. The study recommends enhancing community engagement, expanding socio-economic initiatives, integrating non-military strategies, and improving psychological operations. Future research should focus on the long-term impacts of these approaches, specific socio-economic interventions, and detailed psychological operations.
Efficacy of United Nations Peacekeeping Strategy in Resolving Protracted Conflicts in Africa: A Case of Peacekeeping Operations in Central African Republic (2014-2023)
(Daystar University, School of Arts and Social Sciences, 2024) Mutinda, Esther Kamene
The study's overall objective was to examine the efficacy of the United Nations peacekeeping strategy in resolving protracted conflicts in the Central African Republic (2014-2023). ‘The study objectives included examining the status of the Protracted Conflicts in CAR; evaluating the effectiveness of UN peacekeeping strategy in resolving persistent conflicts in CAR and identifying factors impeding the success of UN peacekeeping in addressing protracted conflicts in CAR’. Social Conflict Theory and Liberal Peace theory underpinned the study. The study adopted a mixed concurrent research methodology. The study population comprised the MINUSCA personnel, residents, NGO workers, and local administrators. The study was located at the Vakaga prefecture, Birao Sub-prefecture, one of the hotspot areas in CAR. The study used convenience and simple random sampling techniques to pick the respondents from whom the primary data will be collected. The study used a sample size comprising 311 respondents. Structured questionnaires, interview schedules, and Focus Group Discussions collected primary data. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis, while quantitative data was analyzed using simple descriptive statistics with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The findings noted a significant reduction in violent conflict in Vakaga Prefecture in CAR. However, there remain incidents of conflicts often targeting civilians. Therefore, UN peacekeeping strategy via MINUSCA effectively resolved protracted conflict that has been bewildering Vakaga Prefecture in CAR. MINUSCA achieved this by preventing conflict escalation between conflicting armed groups; undertaking disarmament by working side by side with the Central African armed forces; providing humanitarian assistance such as food, medical services, and education; establishing safe zones where IDP civilians stay towards its mission mandate of protecting CAR citizens from militias groups; supporting democratic electoral processes through mediating electoral law reforms and facilitating dialogue between representatives of the government, armed groups, and political and social leaders. Even with such success, several factors have often impeded UN peacekeeping strategy through MINUSCA. These factors included low levels of local community participation in some MINUSCA-fostered dialogues and peace initiatives, inadequate host government cooperation and support, insufficient financial resources, external actors concerned with resource exploitation and overstretched resources of MINUSCA. The study recommends that the United Nations Security Council extend MINUSCA's mandate from a containment approach to transformation in essential sectors. The government of CAR and MINUSCA should ensure that the peace process is closely linked to justice. The government of CAR ought to work towards strengthening its capacity to protect the population against various threats.
An Analysis of Securitization of Migration in The Implementation of The African Union’s Migration Regime: The Case of Kenya and South Africa
(Daystar University, School of Arts and Social Sciences, 2024) Esipila, Lucy Afandi
The main aim of this study was to analyze the implementation of the African Union Migration regimes in Kenya and South Africa. The study’s specific objectives were: To examine the development of the African Union migration regime; To compare the implementation of the AU migration regime in Kenya and South Africa and; To analyze the extent to which securitization of migration influences Kenya’s and South Africa’s policies on migration. The study employed a qualitative approach that relied on document analysis. The analysis of AU policies and national policies in Kenya and South Africa, was complemented by Key informant interviews with bureaucrats, technocrats at the AU Commission and officials from the two governments. The study targeted up to 18 key informants with a response rate of 12 informants which represents 66.67%. The study found that Kenya and South Africa navigate a complex migration landscape guided by the African Union Migration Policy Framework, emphasizing social integration, economic opportunities, and migrants' rights, with both nations prioritizing border management and regional cooperation through bodies like SADC and EAC. Additionally, the study also found that Kenya and South Africa demonstrate, to some extent, coherence with AU migration principles, however in reference to the two-level game theory, implementation is affected by domestic interests on national security. Finally, on the impact of securitization on migration policies in Kenya and South Africa the study found regional security challenges, economic factors, and xenophobia as influential factors. The challenges faced by migrants and refugees, included: insufficient resources, exploitation, migrant exclusion in economic development and planning and xenophobia. The study recommended ongoing review and harmonization of national legislation to ensure consistency to the African Union’s migration regimes and adherence to evolving continental standards.
An Evaluation of The Perfomance of Women Political Leaders in Nation Building: A Case Study of Nairobi County, Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Arts and Social Sciences, 2024) Buyu, Eva
Women’s participation in politics in Kenya, especially in urban areas like Nairobi County, is indicative of a larger social movement in favour of gender parity in public life. The goal of this study was to assess women political leaders in Nairobi County critically, with an emphasis on their contributions to the complex process of nation-building. This research aimed to evaluate the impact of women leaders on the political landscape and the advancement of the nation by looking at their roles in economic development, social cohesion, policy advocacy, and governance. Recognizing the significance of women in the political space has been slow as they have been seen to play a peripheral role and wrongly perceived insignificant role in the society. In Kajiado, Mandera, Garissa, Wajir and Samburu are yet to elect a woman in their county assembly. Women role in politics has increased and it was witnessed when one of the main presidential contenders had a woman as their running mate. Women were active on throughout the 2022 election cycle in spite coded messages target them. More women ran for elective posts in 2022 than in 2017 as the major political outfits pledged party inclusion strategies for women. Therefore, there are significant challenges towards women involvement in political leadership. This study sought to determine the role of women in Nairobi County’s political leadership, the different aspects of women leadership and the effect women leadership in politics. The study adopted a descriptive research design by use of 233 sample size of women political leaders in Nairobi County. This study found out that the provisions of the constitutional on women leadership are not sufficient in supporting women to get into the sphere of political leadership. Therefore, more needs to be done on legislative front to encourage and incentivize women to join their male counterparts in political leadership positions. Although women could provide needed leadership traits in the political sphere, their participation is minimal while most people think they might not make good leaders. The study also discovered that men have a role to play so that women can get into political leadership positions through provision of funding, educating and training young girls among other forms of support. The study also found out that there are hurdles within the political sphere that prevents more women from joining politics. Some of the deterrents are due to fear of women leadership among the citizens thus promoting reliance on the political establishment. Women are faced with various challenges that include economical, societal roles and responsibilities, cultural constraints among other barriers. Nevertheless, the few women in political leadership made gender advocacy stronger, increased the number of elected women in political leadership positions and brought changes in policies that address women in the legislature. Therefore, women leadership in politics has impacted the political sphere and structure in great proportions specifically in Nairobi County leadership
Exploring The Implications of Gendering Food Security in Kapenguria Constituency, West Pokot County.
(Daystar University, School of Arts and Social Sciences, 2024) Wanyaga, Kamuri Fridah
Food security has been a critical problem, representing numerous challenges worldwide. Gender in food security is an ongoing concern in various roundtable discussions and panels. The intersection of gender and food security interlinkages brings out the need to address this challenge due to growing food insecurity concerns. A concurrent explanatory design explored the nuances of gendering food security and why it is a growing challenge to women. Questionnaires were formulated and distributed to explore the whole picture of how women understand the dynamics of food security. The factors to be considered in the questionnaire were social determinants like access to resources, for instance, land property rights, level of education and knowledge on agricultural practices, and their participation in food security policies. Collecting numerical and statistical data assisted in understanding the interconnection between gender and food security. At the same time, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with Kapenguria Constituency residents, local authorities, and other stakeholders. Using thematic analysis, the study looked for emerging themes and patterns that shed light on the complex relationships between gender dynamics and food security in this environment. The goal of this qualitative strand was to document the narratives and real-life experiences about gender roles, resource accessibility, and the processes involved in making decisions about the production and distribution of food. The research held significance in the provision of valuable insights for tailored interventions and policy suggestions to tackle gender-specific obstacles to food security. The research offered empirical data to support broader generalizations while capturing the complexity of individual experiences.
Assessment of Climate Change Effects on Food Security in Kilifi County, Kenya.
(Daystar University, School of Arts and Social Sciences, 2024) Umazi, Nyale Gladwell
This study investigates the assessment of climate change effects on food security in Kilifi County, Kenya. With climate change posing increasing threats to agricultural production and food availability, particularly in vulnerable regions like Kilifi County, understanding its effects on food security is imperative for devising effective adaptation strategies. The study aims to explain climate change effects on food security in Kilifi County, Kenya, with specific objectives including determining the status of food security, assessing the effect of climate change on food security and evaluating climate change policy interventions in promoting food security within the county. This study is significant because it aims to fill the gap in previous research done on the effect of climate change on food security dimensions. This study focused on Ganze constituency due to its high levels of existing poverty. The study applied the Adaptive Capacity theory and Food Entitlement Decline theory to assist in analyzing various aspects of the study. Mixed-methods approach combining quantitative analysis of climate data and household surveys, supplemented by qualitative engagement through focus group discussions will be employed. This study established that climate change has had an impact on food security in Ganze sub-county, Kilifi County. The study further established that the vulnerabilities facing the young and elderly is widening as many are increasingly struggling to access food whose availability is diminishing as climate change continues and its mitigation is lacking robust resilience. The study recommends the entrenchment of climate smart agriculture as well as the involvement of the local population in structured decision making and implementation of climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. It is envisaged that the findings will contribute to knowledge that may be used in policy and targeted interventions that will enhance resilience in food security.
Examining The Influence of Digital Media on Kenya's Ministry of Foreign and Diaspora Affairs in the Formulation of Foreign Policy
(Daystar University, School of Arts and Social Sciences, 2024) Nthambi, Mutuku Issabelah
The rapid advancement of digital media has significantly transformed the landscape of foreign policy formulation globally. This study investigated the impact of digital media on Kenya's Ministry of Foreign and Diaspora Affairs in shaping its foreign policy. Three primary objectives guided this study: first, to analyze the digital media technologies Kenya's MFDA uses in foreign policy formulation; second, to assess the frequency and effectiveness of digital media usage by Kenya's MFDA in diplomatic communications and foreign policy initiatives; and third to evaluate the impact of digital media strategies employed by Kenya's MFDA on public opinion and policy outcomes in foreign affairs. The study is grounded in the theoretical framework of Agenda-Setting Theory, which provides insights into how media influences public perception and policy priorities. A case study research design focused on specific instances of digital media influence. Data were collected through focus group discussions and interviews with key stakeholders, including ministry officials and policy experts. The data collection involved semi-structured interviews to ensure comprehensive coverage of the study’s objectives. The quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics to ensure objective and measurable results. Descriptive statistics such as tables and percentages were used to summarize the data, providing insights into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Diaspora Affairs (MFDA) digital media usage patterns. Consequently, triangulation was achieved by cross-referencing these quantitative findings with the qualitative data, ensuring that the study’s conclusions were well-supported by both statistical evidence and narrative insights, thus enhancing the overall reliability and validity of the research. The respondents ranged from senior leadership roles, such as the Head of Public Relations, Head of Digital Marketing, and Chief Press Secretary, to specialized roles like Social Media Coordinator, Content Strategist, and Policy Research Analyst. This diversity in roles underscored the collaborative effort required to manage the MFDA’s digital media presence and its impact on foreign policy. Including creative roles such as Graphic Designer and Creative Director alongside strategic roles like Legislative Liaison and Policy Advocacy Advisor highlighted the ministry's multifaceted approach to integrating digital media into its diplomatic communications. The findings revealed that digital media significantly impacts foreign policy formulation by enhancing communication and engagement with domestic and international audiences. It also facilitated real-time information sharing and public diplomacy. However, the study identified challenges, such as managing digital platforms effectively. Recommendations include improving digital media strategies to mitigate misinformation, enhancing training for officials on digital media use, and integrating digital media insights into policy analysis. The findings highlighted the need for a strategic approach to digital media utilization to maximize its benefits and address associated challenges. This research contributes to understanding digital media’s impact on foreign policy and offers implications for future practice and policy development.
Assessing The United Nations Mission In South Sudan’s Efforts to Protect Internally Displaced Persons in Malakal-Upper Nile State, South Sudan.
(Daystar University, School of Arts and Social Sciences, 2024-10) Lual, Joseph Anyak
This study assessed the United Nations Mission in South Sudan’s Protection of Internally Displaced Persons in Malakal-Upper Nile State, South Sudan. The United Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS) was initially tasked with securing peace and security in line with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. Its mandate included facilitating the voluntary return of refugees and internally displaced persons, delivering humanitarian assistance, and supporting the protection and promotion of human rights in South Sudan. The following objectives influenced the study; firstly, it examined factors that influence the effectiveness of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) in protecting Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in MalakalUpper Nile state. Secondly, it analyzed the humanitarian conditions of the IDPs in the Malakal-Upper Nile state. Third, it assessed the challenges facing UNMISS in protecting IDPS in the Malakal-Upper Nile state. Moreover, the theoretical framework used is the humanitarian theory which investigated the function of humanitarian aid to defend and advance human rights and lessen the impacts of wars and natural catastrophes. The study employed a qualitative methodology with a purposive sampling technique with a sample size of 45 respondents who will engage in in-depth interviews and focus group discussions to gather information from key informants conversing with the mandate and operations of UNMISS. Qualitative data sought to draw themes that are consistent with research objectives. The study integrated findings from focus groups and interviews to comprehensively understand UNMISS's role in safeguarding IDPs. Focus groups with IDPs and key stakeholders revealed their experiences and perspectives, while interviews with local officials, UNMISS staff, and NGO workers highlighted the mission's challenges and successes. The data was analyzed thematically to identify key factors influencing UNMISS's effectiveness. Additionally, content analysis of secondary sources complemented the findings, offering a well-rounded view of the mission's impact and implications for policy and practice. The study involved fifty-eight respondents, including eighteen individuals who participated in interviews and forty participants across four focus groups, each comprising ten participants. The conversation aligned with humanitarian theory, which highlighted the significance of attending to both short-term requirements and long-term growth. However, UNMISS's real-world difficulties are a stark reminder of the disconnect between idealistic theory and practical implementation. For the mission to be more effective and to accomplish more comprehensive humanitarian aims, it is imperative that resource constraints be addressed, coordination be strengthened, and communication with Internally Displaced Persons be improved. The findings on the impact of protection will enrich knowledge about the effectiveness of UN protection missions in Africa.
Africa’s Discontent Towards the International Criminal Court and Its Implications on The Court’s Legitimacy, Post Kenya’s Icc Trials
(Daystar University, School of Arts and Social Sciences, 2024-10) Namakangala, Kituyi Claire
This thesis aimed to explore the complex discontent expressed by African states towards the International Criminal Court (ICC), especially in the wake of Kenya’s trial, which was marked by significant developments. The study emphasized the growing skepticism and criticism of the ICC among African nations, often stemming from perceptions of bias and neocolonialism, which had a bearing on the court's legitimacy and effectiveness in promoting international justice. The study was underpinned by Liberal Institutionalism and Legal Institutionalism theories, which provided a theoretical framework for analyzing the ICC's legitimacy and the political dynamics influencing African perceptions. By employing a multi-faceted qualitative approach, including a review of existing literature and empirical data, the research identified the root causes of Africa's discontent. This study used an interpretivist paradigm to explore African perceptions of the ICC. A desk research design reviewed existing literature and secondary data. The target population included Kenyan political leaders, civil society, and legal experts. Data was organized with a literature review matrix and analyzed thematically to identify key patterns and conclusions. The study found that perceptions of bias and selectivity significantly undermined the ICC's legitimacy in Kenya and Africa, with political leaders framing it as a neo-colonial tool targeting African states. Sovereignty concerns fueled further resistance, particularly after Kenya's ICC trials, which strained relations between African states and the Court. The study concluded that the ICC’s perceived bias and interference with national autonomy weakened its legitimacy and cooperation with African governments. The study recommended strengthening domestic judicial systems, fostering political will, engaging the African Union, and enhancing civil society participation to bridge the gap between African states and the ICC. The study recommended that future research expand beyond Kenya to explore ICC perceptions across diverse African contexts and adopt a mixed-methods approach for comprehensive analysis. This study contributes to knowledge by highlighting sovereignty concerns and proposing strategies, such as strengthening domestic judicial systems, to improve the ICC's legitimacy and cooperation in Africa.
Role of Gender Mainstreaming on Green Economy in The Agri-Food Sector in Kenya: A Case of Kajiado County, Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Arts and Social Sciences, 2024) Otieno, Grace Mujiza
This study examined the role of women in the agri-food systems of Kajiado County, Kenya, highlighting the challenges posed by societal norms that limit women's participation in agriculture. The research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of gender mainstreaming initiatives within the green economy framework to enhance productivity, sustainability, and inclusivity, contributing to the achievement of SDG 5 on gender equality. Guided by three main objectives, the study assessed gender mainstreaming in the Green Economy framework, analyzed green economy policies related to agri-food production, and evaluated the impact of these initiatives on promoting gender inclusivity. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of gender mainstreaming on green economy in the agri-food sector in Kenya, Kajiado County. The study found that gender mainstreaming initiatives in Kajiado County had a significant positive impact on the agri-food sector, leading to improved agricultural practices, increased productivity, and enhanced sustainability. This research area holds significant importance as it intersected gender equality, sustainable agriculture, and technological innovation, addressing key issues relevant to both local and broader contexts. The scope of the study was centered around the role of gender mainstreaming on green economy in the agri-food sector in Kenya with a focus on Kajiado county, Kenya. The study focused on farmers who were actively taking part in farming within Kajiado county. The focus on Kajiado County, Kenya, is particularly noteworthy given the critical role women played in agricultural production within this semi-arid region. By examining the effectiveness of gender mainstreaming initiatives and the adoption of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) technologies, the study aims to foster inclusive and sustainable development specific to this area. Beyond Kajiado County, the study’s findings hold broader implications, potentially informing similar initiatives in other regions with comparable challenges. The localized insights could be extrapolated to other semi-arid and rural areas where gender disparities and technological adoption intersect. By contributing to a broader understanding of how gender and technology influenced agricultural sustainability, the research supported global efforts to achieve gender equality and sustainable development, aligning with international goals and frameworks such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The research was grounded in Agricultural Innovation Systems Theory and Gender and Development Theory, employing a mixed methods research design that combined qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data were collected from 384 farmers in Kitengela, Kajiado County, using questionnaires, focus groups, and interviews, with analysis conducted using SPSS. The findings revealed that gender mainstreaming initiatives significantly improved agricultural practices, productivity, and sustainability. The study recommended greater financial investment in gender-specific programs, comprehensive educational initiatives, and systematic collection of gender-disaggregated data to tailor effective interventions. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that gender mainstreaming initiatives in Kajiado County positively impacted agricultural productivity and sustainability, with modern practices and women’s empowerment showing notable progress. However, challenges like inadequate funding and cultural barriers require more targeted strategies to ensure sustainable and inclusive agricultural development.
The Role of National Police Reservists in Conflict Resolution in Samburu County, Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Arts and Social Sciences, 2024-10) Abram, Lemanyishoe Samuel
This research investigated the complex dynamics surrounding the involvement of community policing, specifically focusing on National Police Reservists (NPRs), in addressing conflict resolution and peacebuilding efforts within Samburu County, Kenya. The study employed a theoretical framework that integrated concepts from peacebuilding theory and post-structuralist theory to analyze the roles, challenges, and strategies related to NPRs in mitigating conflicts and promoting sustainable peace. The objectives included examining the specific roles played by NPRs, assessing the challenges they faced, and providing recommended strategies for enhancing their effectiveness in conflict resolution initiatives in Samburu County and other similar contexts. Utilizing a qualitative case study research design, the study focused on the first-hand experiences and perspectives of 36 sampled participants selected from the target population, including NPRs, community members, local leaders, and representatives from relevant government agencies and NGOs. Findings indicated that NPRs played crucial roles as mediators and peacekeepers, leveraging their local knowledge and cultural insights to facilitate dialogue and reconciliation among communities. However, NPRs encountered challenges such as limited resources, logistical constraints, and historical mistrust, which hindered their effectiveness in maintaining peace and security. Community perceptions significantly influenced NPRs' operations, with varying levels of trust and acceptance impacting their ability to resolve conflicts effectively. Based on these findings, the study concluded that enhancing NPRs' training, resource allocation, and community engagement strategies are essential for improving their effectiveness in conflict resolution. Recommendations include strengthening partnerships with local leaders and NGOs, integrating sustainable development initiatives, and revising policies to ensure accountability and transparency in NPRs' peacekeeping roles. For future research, further investigation into the longterm impacts of NPRs' interventions, comparative studies across different regions, and exploration of innovative conflict resolution techniques are suggested to advance understanding and practices in community-based security initiatives. These efforts aim to foster sustainable peace and resilience in conflict-affected areas like Samburu County and beyond.
An Analysis of Kenya’s Legislative Oversight in Military Missions: A Case Study of Kenya’s Intervention in Somalia.
(Daystar University, School of Arts and Social Sciences, 2024) Ng’ambwa, Claytone O.
Using Kenya’s engagement in Somalia as a case study, this paper analyzes the constitutional mandate of control by the legislature and executive branch over military deployments. The main goal of this study was to thoroughly analyze the interactions between Kenya’s Executive and Legislature in approving military operations, emphasizing the intervention in Somalia. The specific objectives of this study were to analyze the executive branch's adherence to constitutional procedures and decisionmaking process in deploying military forces to Somalia, second, to investigate the constitutional and procedural implications of the Kenyan Parliament's exclusion from the approval process of military deployment to Somalia, and third, to assess the level of independence and effectiveness of the Kenyan Legislature in overseeing and holding the executive branch accountable for military actions in Somalia in alignment with constitutional provisions. The case study research design was used in this study based on Kenya’s military involvement in Somalia and was inspired by the bureaucratic political model. The study used primary and secondary data sources and employed a qualitative methodology. The main data-gathering methods were interviews with key participants, such as the Kenyan Parliament’s members of the national security, defense, and international relations committees and a representative sample of Kenyan citizens. Well-organized interview schedules and questionnaires made this easier. Purposive sampling was the specific sampling technique that was used to select the material for the study. This study engaged seventeen key informants, carefully selected through purposive sampling due to their direct involvement in or substantial knowledge of Kenya’s military intervention in Somalia. The respondents came from various sectors, including Parliament, the executive branch, legal and constitutional fields, academia, civil society organizations, and the military. This diverse representation provided a comprehensive perspective on legislative oversight in military missions. The research’s conclusions were crucial in illuminating the interactions between the legislative and executive branches of government regarding military intervention. Even though the case under investigation, Kenya’s participation in Somalia through Operation Linda Nchi, took place more than ten years ago, the knowledge gained from this study is helpful in the current environment. Additional research could investigate how increased parliamentary oversight affects the effectiveness and consequences of military operations. This could include looking at case studies where strong parliamentary oversight resulted in better decision-making, greater coordination, and more effective military strategies. Understanding how parliamentary engagement might influence military operations could provide useful insights for boosting Kenya's legislative process.
The Role of Devolution in The Realization of Sustainable Cities in Kenya: A Case of Nakuru City
(Daystar University, School of Arts and Social Sciences, 2024) Kiprono, Kirui Collins
Sustainable cities and communities are the key framework enshrined in the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF), an effort to achieve the 2030 transformative agenda. Various approaches, including devolution in response to unsustainable cities with inadequate infrastructures, affordable housing and all the basic services, have been employed by both the national and the county governments of Nakuru. Without analyzing the effectiveness of this strategy, the problem of unsustainable cities is bound to continue. This study will assess what could be done by the devolved county governments using the case of Nakuru County government and other relevant authorities such as the Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development, and State Department for Housing to achieve sustainable Nakuru City. A city that is safe, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable for human development. Therefore, the overall objective of this study is to evaluate how devolution can contribute to the realization of sustainable cities as Nakuru City exemplifies. The specific objective of the study is to examine the devolution strategies put in place by the National and Nakuru County governments to achieve sustainability in Nakuru County, to analyse the effectiveness of the current strategy in achieving sustainability and to assess ways in which devolution can be scaled up to enhance sustainability in Nakuru County. The research will adopt modernization theory and transition theory as the theoretical frameworks. The research will also use descriptive research design with qualitative research methods as its methodological tools. The researcher will also employ open-ended questionnaires and key informant interviews in collecting primary data during data collection process.
The Influence of Domestic Politics on The National Police Service and Reforms: A Case Study of the 2013 and 2017 General Elections in Kenya
(Daystar University, School of Arts and Social Sciences, 2024) Githaiga, Cynthia Wahito
This research assumes that security is a right and freedom that governments are expected to ensure to people and that the police primarily work under the socialpolitical system of a country. It does this and finally assists the researcher in assessing the impact of the domestic political context on the National Police Service during the 2013 and 2017 General Elections, respectively. The 2010 Constitutions introduced strategies, practices, and structures designed to ensure as a policing organization professionalism and responsiveness. As a research issue, we ask ourselves: during elections, what part of domestic politics is influential, and how does this influence affect the accountability of the National Police Service in the Republic of Kenya? Epistemologically, this paper aimed at historically explaining the domestic political involvement in policing accountability in Kenya, diagnosing policing accountability in the wake of the General Election of 2013 and 2017, and analysing the impact of the domestic political context on the policing accountability of the KNPS. Security sector reforms, institutional theory and critical securities studies shall inform collective answers to the research problems raised in this paper. As a result, this paper adopts qualitative study as the method of research and employs evaluative and explanatory research that aims at evaluating the impacts of the political environment on the performance of the NPS and explaining more about the phenomenon of police accountability during the state’s General Elections. In other words, if the perceived subordination of the national police service units to the incumbent regimes that they serve is not broken, then NPS accountability will be diluted, and national security will be placed in jeopardy. Finally, the national security mechanisms will become politicized as opposed to being functional for citizens; thus, the achievement or the lack of police accountability holds the political environment key. As a result of this study, there will be an assessment of whether the accountability measures accorded with the New Constitution in shaping the National Police as a professional and transparent force that upholds and respects the rule of law and the rights and freedom of the people of Kenya. It is going to enable recommendations useful in establishing frameworks resulting in a sovereign police service.The analysis of this study show the intricate relationship on politics in that political pressure remains a problem in the NPS's operational independence. The procedural amendments that were made to make NPS independent and effective have not been realized because political interferences are still discovered. These pressures compromise the impartiality of the NPS, particularly during election time, thus affecting the public trust and police professionalism.The study revealed that reforms have been put in place to improve the independence of the NPS, but political interference remains a significant challenge. The history of political interference in the police and, hence, political influence in matters of policing, in addition to the quest for independence in the security sector, complicates the reform process and ensures that the security sector owes allegiance to the people, not political affiliations.

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