Assessing Stakeholders’ Roles in Economic Empowerment Programs for Female Sex Workers in Kenya at Bar Hostess Empowerment and Support Programme

Abstract

This study explored the role of stakeholder involvement in economic empowerment programs for Female Sex Workers (FSWs) in Kenya, with a focus on the Bar Hostess Empowerment and Support Programme (BHESP) in Nairobi. Using Stakeholder Theory as a guiding framework, the research examined how information exchange influenced the empowerment of FSWs, assessed the impact of empowerment initiatives on BHESP’s communication strategies, and identified challenges in stakeholder communication and engagement. A descriptive, qualitative research design was employed, targeting FSWs, BHESP staff, and donors, including the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The study utilized both stratified random and purposive sampling techniques. Data was collected through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), which were pretested for reliability and validity at the SWOP Ambassadors branch in Nairobi. NVivo 10 software was used for data analysis. Findings showed that multi-platform communication tools such as WhatsApp, peer educators, and community forums were vital in mobilizing FSWs. However, these tools faced limitations, including favoritism, digital exclusion, and weak feedback loops from donors. Empowerment initiatives contributed to more horizontal and participatory communication dynamics; however, systemic barriers, such as stigma, legal exclusion, and inconsistent messaging from donors, continued to hinder full stakeholder engagement. The study concluded that inclusive and participatory communication, along with meaningful stakeholder engagement, is crucial for the long-term success of economic empowerment programs for FSWs. It recommends strengthening feedback mechanisms, expanding digital access, and involving beneficiaries more directly in the design and evaluation of programs.