Exploring Sociodemographic Factors Influencing Postnatal Depressive Symptoms Among Young Mothers in Slum Areas: A Case of Embakasi North Sub-County, Nairobi

Abstract

Depressive symptoms among vulnerable populations, particularly young mothers in slum settings, present a significant public health concern. This study aimed to assess the sociodemographic determinants of depressive symptoms among young mothers in slum dwellings within Embakasi North Sub-County, Nairobi, Kenya. The study set out to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms, examine sociodemographic factors influencing depressive symptom development, evaluate the effects of environmental stressors, identify coping techniques, and explore resilience factors that protect young mothers from depression. The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional research design, targeting young mothers aged 15-24 years with at least one child. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select 324 participants from five geographical areas: Dandora Phase 1 & 2, Dandora Phase 3 & 4, Kariobangi North, Korogocho, and Babadogo. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, including the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the Environmental Stress Assessment Scale, and the Brief COPE Inventory. The research adhered to ethical guidelines, with approval from the Daystar University Institutional Scientific and Ethics Review Committee (DU-ISERC) and the National Commission for Science, Technology, and Innovation (NACOSTI). Results revealed a concerning prevalence of depressive symptoms, with 38.9% of participants demonstrating clinically significant depressive symptoms. Key sociodemographic factors influencing depression included age, educational attainment, marital status, and employment status, with younger, less educated, and unmarried mothers showing higher rates of depression. Environmental stressors, such as overcrowding, poor sanitation, and lack of access to basic services, were found to exacerbate depressive symptoms. The correlation analysis indicated a significant relationship between environmental stress and depressive symptoms (r = 0.456, p < 0.001). Coping strategies primarily focused on emotion-focused techniques, such as religious coping, acceptance, and emotional support, with avoidant coping strategies being less frequently employed. The study concluded that depressive symptoms among young mothers in Embakasi North are influenced by a combination of sociodemographic factors, environmental stressors, and coping strategies. The findings highlight the importance of addressing both individual and environmental factors to mitigate the mental health challenges faced by young mothers in slum areas. The study recommended the establishment of mental health screening programs, particularly for young mothers, to detect depressive symptoms early. Additionally, stress management programs, economic empowerment initiatives, and environmental improvements in slum settings should be prioritized. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of environmental stressors and evaluate the effectiveness of coping strategies in managing depressive symptoms.