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Item Borrow Pits Rehabilitation, A Gem for The Promotion of Livestock and Wildlife Potentials in Asals.(Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology, 2023) Mwangi, Kiragu Joseph; Chiuri, Wanjiku; Kurgat, Barnabas; Ngure, VeronicaThis study explored the potential of surface runoff water collection into borrow pits with an aim to promote livestock and wildlife potentials in Laikipia County, where the Rumuruti –Maralal bitumen road passes. Survey data on livestock and wildlife water demands; Cooks method for determination of surface runoff water collection potential, borrow pits locations, and their capacities were determined while area meteorological data and literature review enriched them. The results from the above were computed, which helped to determine the wouldbe benefits of water collection in the borrow pits. The study has demonstrated the greater potential that borrows pits rehabilitation. Water collected in them can highly support livestock and wildlife production. This study recommends the replication of this practice in other ASALs areas to help exploit their full potential.Item Distribution of Parthenium Weed (Parthenium Hysterophorus) in Nakuru County, Kenya.(Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology., 2022) Mutua, Muli Boniface; Chiuri, Wanjiku; Ngure, Veronica; Kimani, VeronicaThis study sought to map the distribution of parthenium weed in Nakuru County. Field surveys were conducted in September 2021 using the quadrat method, whereby the road stretch between Naivasha junction and Kibunja was used as the main transect. Data on the presence or absence of parthenium weed was recorded, and the geographical coordinates were taken using a hand-held GPS receiver and loaded into ArcGIS 9.3 computer software for the development of a partheniumdistribution map. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS V. 28 statistical tool (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Correlation analysis (at a 5% significance level) was used to show the relationship between the presence of parthenium weed and elevation, while descriptive analyses were used to determine the proportion of invaded quadrats. The results of this study revealed that parthenium weed was widespread in Nakuru County, with 79.2% of quadrats sampled invaded. The majority of parthenium weed invasions were reported in low-altitude regions (<1999 M ASL), especially those between Naivasha and Nakuru (r = -0.507, P < 0.001). This study showed that Nakuru County is threatened by parthenium weed due to its vast distribution. Therefore, the County Government of Nakuru should prioritise parthenium weed management to avert further spread.Item Dynamics of Metal Uptake and Depuration in a Parasitized Cyprinid Fish (Rastrineobola argentea)(Aquatic Taxocology, 2012) Oyoo-Okoth, Elijah; Admiraal, Wim; Osano, Odipo; Kraak, Michiel H. S; Were-Kogogo, Pamela J. A; Gichuki, John; Ngure, Veronica; Makwali, Judith; Ogwai, CalebInfestation of fish by endoparasites may potentially influence metal uptake and elimination by the host. We quantified the metal uptake rate constant (ku) and efflux rate constants (ke) of radiolabeled Cd and Co in the cyprinid fish Rastrineobola argentea experimentally infected with the parasite Ligula intestinalis. During 24 h, the accumulation of Cd and Co increased linearly with no evident steady state in uninfected fish, infected fish and in the parasite. Following aqueous exposures, the ku for Cd in parasites was about 3× higher than that of infected fish and 6× higher than for the uninfected fish. The ku for Co was up to 15× higher in the parasites than that of infected fish and 7.5× higher than for the uninfected fish. The ke for excretion of Cd were consistently higher for the uninfected fish than for the infected fish and also higher for uninfected fish than the parasite. The ke for Co for the uninfected fish was 1.4–2.0× lower than in the infected fish, but higher for parasites compared to uninfected fish (1.3–2.3×). Pulse-chase feeding experiments with radiolabeled copepods showed that Cd assimilation efficiency from food was higher in infected fish, while Co was assimilated more effectively by uninfected fish. The observed differences in metal dynamics between infected and uninfected R. argentea in the laboratory concord with differences in metal concentrations measured in natural populations in Lake Victoria. Our findings provide evidence that L. intestinalis infection enhances Cd accumulation, but depletes the essential Co in the cyprinid fish R. argentea. We conclude that the combined stress of parasites and pollution changes metal risks to fish hosts in a metal specific manner.Item Assessment of mineral deficiencies among grazing areas in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya.(International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences., 2014) Shisia, Silvanus K.; Ngure, Veronica; Nyambaka Hudson; Jumba Isaac; Oduor FredrickA study conducted in the major grazing areas of Uasin Gishu involved twenty-eight (28) soils, twenty-eight (28) forage and forty-two (42) serum samples collected in six divisions at different sites. The purpose of the study was to determine the macro-and trace elements in soils, forages and animal serum, and compare to the recommended standards so as to identify those that could be presenting deficiencies in the area. Soils were extracted for available macro-minerals; Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca) magnesium (Mg) and trace elements; Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn; the forage samples were assayed for the same elements plus phosphorus as total concentration on dry matter (DM) basis while blood serum was analyzed for the same forage elements plus molybdenum (Mo). Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and UV/visible spectrophotometer were used to analyze the metal elements and molybdenum respectively. Soil and Forage analysis of samples from southern region including Kesses and Ainabkoi revealed lower levels in both macro and trace elements analyzed. Serum samples from grazing areas situated in southern region revealed similar deficiencies in most minerals. The factors responsible for the variations as soil pH, forage species and cattle breed were investigated using correlation analysis.Item Zooplankton Partitioning in a Tropical Alkaline–Saline Endorheic Lake Nakuru, Kenya: Spatial and Temporal Trends in Relation to The Environment.(Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management., 2011) Oyoo-Okoth, Elijah; Mucai, Muchiri; Ngugi, Charles C.; Ngure, Veronica; Njenga, Elizabeth W.; Orina, Paul S.; Chemoiwa, Emily C.; Wanjohi, Bernard K.Spatial and temporal zooplankton variations were studied for 1 year in tropical alkaline–saline Lake Nakuru to determine how they partition in the habitat, relative to environmental variables. Monthly samples were collected at 10 sampling sites, with subsurface tows, using 33.5-lm mesh plankton nets. Physicochemical parameters displayed clear seasonal variations associated with precipitation patterns. Nine species, belonging to two main zooplankton taxonomic groups (ciliates; rotifers), were identified in the samples. Brachionus dimidiatus dominated the samples, accounting for 80% of the total zooplankton abundance. Kruskall–Wallis tests indicated significant (P < 0.05) temporal and spatial variations among all taxonomic groups. Different zooplankton species displayed a clear succession throughout the year. The total abundance of the rotifers and ciliates peaked at sampling sites near inlets during the long rainy seasons, while those in the inshore sites displayed variable succession patterns. Spatiotemporal structure of the zooplankton assemblages, and its correlation with environmental variables, indicated each species displayed distinct niche-based partitioning. The ciliates niche was associated with increasing soluble reactive phosphorus, total phosphorus and nitrite–nitrogen (NO2–N) concentrations. Niche partitioning in rotifers was associated with nitrate–nitrogen (NO3–N), conductivity and pH. These results indicate physical niche separation, even in a small, relatively homogenous lake among species of rotifers and ciliates, providing information from which future changes in their abundance and spatial distributions can be predicted, given continuous water quality changes.Item Use of The Fish Endoparasite Ligula Intestinalis (l., 1758) in an Intermediate Cyprinid Host (Rastreneobola Argentea) For Biomonitoring Heavy Metal Contamination in Lake Victoria, Kenya(Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd., 2010) Oyoo-Okoth, Elijah; Wim, Admiraal; Osano, Odipo; Kraak, Michiel H. S.; Ngure, Veronica; Makwali, Judith; Orina, Paul S.Use of some fish parasites as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution has been demonstrated as a promising approach because of their capacity to bioconcentrate such elements. This study evaluated the effects of a cestode parasite, Ligula intestinalis, on the accumulation of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu) in the cyprinid fish, Rastreneobola argentea, in Lake Victoria, Kenya. This L. intestinalis⁄R. argentea model also was assessed as a bioindicator system for heavy metal contamination in the lake. Samples of 125 fish, 63 parasites, water and sediments were collected at four sites in the Kenya portion of the Lake Victoria basin characterized by variable heavy metal concentrations, for ICPOES element analysis. The concentration of all four heavy metals in the fish and parasite samples exhibited site-specific variations relative to the metal concentrations in the water. The Pb, Cr and Cd concentrations in the L. intestinalis were higher than in the fish samples by a factor 11, 18 and 14 respectively, whereas the Cu concentration in L. intestinalis was increased by a factor of 2.5, relative to the Cu concentration in fish. The Pb, Cd and Cr concentrations in the parasite body increased, relative to their concentrations in fish samples, suggesting in the bioaccumulation of these metals by the parasite. The Cu concentration in the fish parasite decreased, relative to increased Cu levels in the fish. This finding was interpreted as being a competition for these elements between the parasite and its fish host. Moreover, the increased Cd and Cr levels in the fish were significantly influenced by the increased abundance of the parasites in the abdominal cavity of the fish samples. Based on the results of this study, the L. intestinalis⁄ R. argentea system is proposed as a promising bioindicator model for evaluating environmental Pb, Cd and Cr concentrations where these species occur.Item Heavy Metals and Trace Elements Contamination Risks in Peri-Urban Agricultural Soils in Nairobi City Catchment, Kenya.(Frontiers in Soil Science, 2023) Martinien, Agassin Ahogle Arcadius; Letema, Sammy; Schaab, Gertrud; Ngure, Veronica; Mwesigye, Abraham R.; Korir, Nicholas K.With urbanization and industrialization in the developing world, urban and peri-urban agriculture is increasingly contributing to urban food systems, employment, and income generation opportunities. However, urbanization and industrialization may release harmful pollutants, including heavy metals and trace elements into agricultural soils, posing ecological, environmental and public health concerns. This paper assessed the potential risks of soil contamination with heavy metals and trace elements in peri-urban farmlands in Nairobi city catchment in Kenya.Item PCBs in Fish and Their Cestode Parasites in Lake Victoria.(Environmental Monitoring and Assessment., 2016) Oyoo-Okoth, Elijah; Oluoch-Otiego, John; Kipkorir, Koross Godfrey Kiptoo; Chemoiwa, Emily J.; Ngugi, Charles C.; Simiyu, Gelas; Omutange, Elijah S.; Ngure, Veronica; Opiyo, Mary A.Polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs)areclassified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) regulated by the Stockholm Convention (2001). Although their production and use was stopped almost three decades ago, PCBs are environmental persistent, toxic, and bioaccumulate in biota. We assessed the levels of 7 PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180) in sediment and fish (Oreochromis niloticus, Lates niloticus, and Rastrineobola argentea) and evaluated the potential of cestode fish endoparasite (Monobothrioides sp., Proteocephalaus sp., and Ligula intestinalis) as concentration of Σ7PCBs in sediments and fish were 2.2– 96.3 μg/kg dw and 300–3,000 μg/kg lw, respectively. At all the sampling sites, CB138, CB153, and CB180 were the dominant PCB congeners in sediment and fish samples. Compared to the muscle of the piscine host, Proteocephalaus sp. (infecting L. niloticus) biomagnified PCBs ×6–14 while Monobothrioides sp. (infecting O. niloticus) biomagnified PCBs ×4–8. Meanwhile, L. intestinalis (infecting R. argentea) biomagnified PCBs ×8–16 compared to the muscle of unparasitized fish. We demonstrate the occurrence of moderate to high levels of PCB in sediments and fish in Lake Victoria. We also provide evidence that fish parasites bioaccumulate higher levels of PCBs than their piscine hosts and therefore provide a promising biomonitor of PCBs. We urge further a long-term study to validate the use of the above cestode fish parasites as biomonitoring tools for PCBs.Item Heavy Metal Pollution from Migori Gold Mining Area, Kenya: Health Implications for Consumers of Fish and Water.(Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 2017) Ngure, Veronica; Lelo, Francis; Obwanga, BensonPotentially harmful elements (PHE) also referred to as heavy metals (HM) were analyzed in water, fish, nails and scalp hair in children between 5 and 10 years in Migori gold mining belt, Kenya. The samples were digested using acids and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The results revealed that the continued consumption of water and fish contaminated from gold mining activities within the vicinity, have significantly increased the concentrations of selected PHE in the nails and scalp hair. There was correlation between the HM in the water and fish and those established in the nails and scalp hair of the children going to school in the gold mine Region, Kenya. Mercury (Hg) and Arsenic (As) in water showed elevated levels above WHO maximum acceptable level in reported studies. Results showed that concentrations of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) in water were recorded above the permissible limits set by WHO while zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were recorded below the permissible limits. Lead (Pd) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in nails showed elevated levels above those reported in occupationally exposed residents. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Cu were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the hair samples collected from the polluted area as compared to control area. Older children (10 years) tended to show higher mean concentrations of PHE as compared to the younger ones (5year) within the same area. The research indicate that the children in the study area are exposed to high health risks associated with ingestion of PHE through contaminated ingestion of fish and drinking water from the rivers flowing through the gold mining area. Education and drastic interventions need to be put in place to protect the young generation from multiple health risks associated with gold mining activities in Migori Gold Belt in Kenya.Item Contribution of Soil, Water and Food Consumption To Metal Exposure of Children From Geological Enriched Environments in The Coastal Zone of Lake Victoria, Kenya(International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2012) Oyoo-Okoth, Elijah; Admiraal, Wim; Osona, Odipo; Manguya-Lusega, David; Ngure, Veronica; Kraak, Michiel H. S.; Chepkirui-Boit, Victoria; Makwali, JudithGeologically enriched environments may contain high concentrations of some metals. In areas where industrial exposures remain super cial, children may be exposed to these geological metals through soil, drinking water and consumption of food locally grown. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of soil, water and food consumption to cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co) and titanium (Ti) body burden of children in the geologically metal rich coastal zone of Lake Victoria, Kenya. We evaluated the relationship between the metal body burden of children by analyzing the hair samples and the estimated metal intake through exposure to soil, drinking water, and food consumption. The body burdens of all metals in children at the exposed sites were high, suggesting environmental exposure. Most of the foods consumed resulted in metal intake below the maximum recommended daily intake. However, the net contribution of all food items jointly exceeded the recommended maximum daily intake at some of the exposure sites. Our results further demonstrated that the highest intake of metals occurred via ingestion of high quantities of the cyprinid sh Rastrineobola argentea. Positive linear relationships between the metal body burden in children and estimated daily intake were observed for Cd, Cr, Ti in children consuming high quantity of R. argentea; for Zn and Co in children highly exposed to soils and consuming high quantity of Brassica oleraceae, while Co burden in the body was associated with high consumption of maize meal. This study demonstrated that exposure to soil and consumption of higher quantities of some foods contributed to the increased metal body burdens of children in a geologically exposed region.Item Pharmacotherapeutic Potential of Aloe secundiflora against Colorectal Cancer Growth and Proliferation(Pharmaceutics, 2023) Ngure, Veronica; Macharia, John M.; Emody, Barnabas; Kiraly, Bence; Kaposztas, Zsolt; Rozmann, Nora; Erdelyi, Attila; Raposa, BenceAloe species are widespread and diverse in African ecosystems, and this commonly correlates to their habitual use as reservoirs of herbal medicine. The side effects associated with chemotherapy and the development of antimicrobial resistance to empirically used antimicrobial drugs are substantial, paving the way for novel phytotherapeutic approaches. This comprehensive study aimed to evaluate and present Aloe secundiflora (A. secundiflora) as a compelling alternative with potential benefits in colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment. Important databases were systematically searched for relevant literature, and out of a large collection of 6421 titles and abstracts, only 68 full-text articles met the inclusion criteria. A. secundiflora possesses an abundant presence of bioactive phytoconstituents in the leaves and roots, including anthraquinones, naphthoquinones, phenols, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids, among others. These metabolites have proven diverse efficacy in inhibiting cancer growth. The presence of innumerable biomolecules in A. secundiflora signifies the beneficial effects of incorporating the plant as a potential anti-CRC agent. Nonetheless, we recommend further research to determine the optimal concentrations necessary to elicit beneficial effects in the management of CRC. Furthermore, they should be investigated as potential raw ingredients for making conventional medications.Item Emerging Issues, Challenges and Solutions in Respect to E-Commerce(International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Review, 2021-07) Okemwa, Joshua Gisemba; Magambo, A. ConsolataE-commerce has revolutionized the ability to sales and purchases of goods and services via internet. Ecommerce has consistently evolved over time to meet the changing nature of people’s needs, thus enhancing online shopping experience. Earlier e-commerce had fairly limited capabilities but its potential has grown gradually through customization and improved integration. Generally, data volume collected from online business has been skyrocketing over time and businesses are keen to apply modern technologies to harvest from the power of data science. E-commerce executives agree that big data holds the key to the amazing future of the e-commerce industry. Big data enables e-commerce companies to improve decision making, gain a competitive advantage, it enhances customer behavior analysis and prompts the discovery of actionable insights. Internet Invention has brought unprecedented growth in e–commerce, such as the creation of new business models e.g. online companies that conducts most of its business on the internet. Indeed, internet has made it possible to start a global online business than it was earlier. In this paper we highlight a number of emerging issues and analyze cyber security challenges and solutions in respect to e-commerce.Item Enhancing Security and Privacy on Smart City‟s Collected Data: A Fog Computing Perspective(International Journal on Future Revolution in Computer Science & Communication Engineering, 2019-05) Okemwa, Joshua Gisemba; Deora, M.SSmart cities use information and communication technologies to deliver services to their citizens. Use of ICT makes them to be more intelligent and efficient in usage of resources, resulting in cost and energy savings, improved service delivery and quality of life. Smart cities are expected to be the fundamental pillars of continued economic growth and improved services delivery. Smart City technology is having ability to constantly gather information about the city, sharing the data with people, devices and technologies or borrowing relevant data from elsewhere, for analysis to enable informed decision making. For instance internet of things has emerged as a technological driving force in real time service delivery in smart cities. These applications provide new abilities, enhancing monitoring, and provision of action oriented process on control and device management. Smart devices are a major source of big data in smart cities. With expected increase of billions of smart devices and sensors in smart city by the year 2020, more data will be generated which will reduce efficiency of cloud access, due to increased volume. Security and privacy of data is a challenge in smart city, negligence in data security and privacy can be amplified in folds resulting to faulty applications, services along with paralyzing the entire city through Denial of Service (DDoS) attack, Spear Phishing Attacksand Brute-Force Attacks among others.Fog computing FC is a new paradigm that is intended to extend cloud computing CC through deployment of processing and localized units into the network edge, enabling low latency, offering location awareness and latency sensitiveness. Homomorphism for encryption, authorization, authentication, and classification are performed on collected data in smart cities to improve security and privacy. In this paper assimilation and analysis, is performed with fog computing aspects of decentralization, different policies for datacenter transferstrategies being analyzed.Processing time, access time, request time, response time and cost analysis show system efficiency.Item Filtering Online Social Networks Based on User Content Generation(International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, 2017-03) Okemwa, Joshua GisembaSocial media is part of computer mediated technology that helps an individual to connect with their friends, family and online society, to share information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expressions. Online social networks (OSN) are facing the problem of the people posting indecent messages on individual's wall. Machine learning (ML) intelligence is used to filter these large volumes of data. I aim to propose an automated filter war (FW), able to filter unwanted messages from (OSN) user walls. To the fact that in OSN’s there is the possibility of posting and giving comments on other posts on particular public (or) private walls (PW). Information filtering is mainly used to give user the ability to control the kind of information written on their own walls by filtering out unwanted messages from a chunk of data that a user intends to post. Content Based Filtering will give user ability to select information item based on the correlation between the content of the items and the user preferences. On the other hand Filtering will be mainly used to filter the unwanted messages and if tendency is noticed from the person posting messages, option of blacklisting is available.Item Application of ICT in Raising Standards of Learning in Higher Education Institutions: A Case Study of Udaipur City(International Journal of Science and Research, 2019-01) Okemwa, Joshua GisembaSmart cities have the ability to incorporate information and information communication and technology in ensuring effective delivery of services. Basically they aim at ensuring high living standardizes for its citizens. Transformation to smart city ideology has been encouraged by a number of governments globally. The government of India in 2015 started an initiative named smart cities mission (SCM) aimed to upgrade urban cities to smart cities. Udaipur is among the 100 cities selected in this initiative by the national government. Udaipur smart city implementation will focus in areas including transport and safety measures, installation of WiFi and other modern facilities. Smart city includes collection of data that is processed and analyzed to enhance service delivery within the city that include schools, hospital, and transportation among others. In this paper we discuss how the analogy of the frame work used in raising living standards in smart city can be directly applied in higher education institutions in Udaipur to raise standards of learning. In our framework we identify ICT as the base of operation in both instances.Item A Comparison Study of Success in Digital India Program with Kenya’s Leading Mobile Money Provider Safaricom(International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology, 2019-02) Okemwa, Joshua GisembaIndian government launched campaign entitled digital India with a vision to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledgeable economy. It involves the creation of digital infrastructure, delivery of services digitally and digital literacy. It was meant to enhance development in India especially villages with rural set up. In the 21st century we are dependent on technology, we cannot imagine the world without mobile phones, internet, computer, machines among others. A number of schemes have been launched by the government to motivate the general public, to use technology in their day to day transaction e.g. online purchase, various ticket booking, video conferences in education field, recruitment sectors etc. Digital cashless economy is well advanced in India, i.e. there are enough apps and platforms that help pay digitally UPI, BHIM, AadhaarPay, Paytm, MobiKwik, HDFC PayZapp, SBI Buddy, PayU, Tez, besides credit cards and debit cards. These payment modes are simpler today than the earlier generation ones. The target set by committee in charge, for 2018 is twenty five billion, with half the year gone, less than a third of the total targeted transactions are via digital,. In this paper we will analyze the trend in selected months and recommend a way forward enhancing digitally cashless economyItem Investigating Citizen’s Awareness of Privacy and Security Challenges During: Data Collection in Smart Cities(International Journal of Modern Engineering and Research Technology, 2019-01) Okemwa, Joshua Gisemba; Deora, M. S.Technology has been infused in smart city service delivery with the intention of improving the living standards of its citizens. Many governments in both developing and developed world are investing more its ideology. Smart city operations relay on collection of data processing and evaluating it in order to enable informed decision making. With huge collection of big data by sensors and other smart devices fitted in cities the challenge currently faced is how to guarantee security and privacy of data. Data faces a number of threats ranging from leakage, observation, repurposed use, misuse, unauthorized access, and duplication among others. Researchers have been advancing the algorithms that will guarantee security of innocent users and ensure the safety and privacy of their data. In this paper we have carried an investigation to measure the empirical awareness of citizens concerning privacy and security issues during data collection in smart cities; we report and analyze the findings.Item Subcutaneous Metastasis of Cancer of the Endometrium(Indian Journal of Gynecologic Oncology, 2019) Shurie, Sahara; Luhumyo, Loice; Odongo, Elly Benjamin; Wamalwa, Emmanuel; Oyiengo, Vincent; Kibor, Kibet Keitany; Orang’o, Elkanah Omenge; Muliro, HellenBackground Cancer of the endometrium is the third most common gynecological malignancy after cancer of the cervix and ovary in Kenya. Subcutaneous metastasis is unusual site for endometrial cancer. Few cases of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases from cancer of endometrium have been reported in the literature. The main areas of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases are abdominal, perineal surfaces, skin and toes. Disseminated lesions are associated with hematogenous spread, while some occur via lymphatic spread or contiguity. Case Presentation We present a case of a 45-year-old female, Para 5 ? 0, who presented to our gynecologic oncology clinic in July 2017. The patient was referred from a peripheral health facility for chemotherapy following radical hysterectomy in May 2017 for endometrial cancer. Histology results of the specimen taken during surgery showed endometrial Ca stage 2, grade 3. The patient developed a swelling on the right leg 6 months after completion of 6 cycles of carboplatin and paclitaxel. Biopsy from the leg showed features consistent with metastatic endometrioid adenocarcinoma. The patient was started on pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. Local radiation of the metastatic subcutaneous lesion was also done. Conclusion Cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases from cancer of the endometrium are rare. We recommend histologic evaluation of subcutaneous masses developing in patients with endometrial cancer or in those suspected to have endometrial cancer.Item Using CNN and HOG Classifier to Improve Facial Expression Recognition(International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology, 2019-06) Okemwa, Joshua Gisemba; Mageto, VictorFacial expression recognition (FER) is growing on a large scope due to diversification of its field of application. FER is now applicable in crime prevention, smart city development, as well as other economic sectors like: transportation, advertising and health. There are a number of benefits accompanied through proper and correct analysis of emotions: Security is enhanced, proper event prediction, inter person communication channel, easy extraction of details and so on. There are various facial emotions identified from various previous studies, which make up the basis for effective and affective communication among people of different culture, race, ethnicity and gender. Many feature extraction methods and classification techniques have previously been developed to give better accuracy and performance in face recognition. A convolution neural network CNN is an unsupervised deep learning algorithms with ability to learn image characteristics and make differentiation of one aspect to another. It is a trending technique in this field due to its positive results, and fast computation. However, the still there are issues with accuracy and complexity challenges in face recognition. In this paper we perform experiments on FER to solve problems associated with orientation and different light conditions. We applied HOG classifier for feature extraction and CNN to detect and classify the expressions. Overall we achieved high accuracy and optimization results of 77.2%. This method achieved higher results than previous work done using SVM algorithm and HOG classifier with accuracy of 55%.Item Implementation Challenges of Free Maternity Services Policy in Kenya: The Health Workers’ Perspective(PanAfrican Medical Journal, 2015) Wamalwa, EmmanuelIntroduction: Kenya implemented the policy of free maternity services to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity. For successful implementation of this policy, there is need to monitor the implementation progress, identify the challenges and mitigate them and determine better strategies for implementation based on emerging implementation issues. This study was carried out to determine the challenges facing policy implementation and strategies for better implementation. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study carried at the Rift Valley Provincial General Hospital (RVPGH) and Bondeni maternity. All the staff who work at Bondeni Maternity (including nursing officer in-charge) were included in the study. All the staff who work at the Maternity Unit of the RVPGH were included in the study, as well as the Medical Superintendent of the facility. A total of 110 respondents were sampled. A questionnaire and interview guide were used to collect data. Data was analyzed using SPSS software. Results: A response rate of 91% (n=100) was achieved. Major implementation challenges include inadequate supplies (86%), inadequate funding (38%), staff shortage (92%), lack of motivation among health workers (62%), overwhelming workload (89%) and abuse of services by clients (32%). Strategies for better implementation include employment of more staff, motivation of health workers, improvement in policy financing, training of health workers and provision of adequate supplies. Conclusion: Implementation of free maternity services policy in Kenya is facing challenges but there exists strategies, which, if implemented, will help address these challenges.