Browsing by Author "Waiyaki, Winnie"
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Item Anxiety in Family Caregivers of Dialysis Patients in Nairobi County, Kenya(African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2018) Waiyaki, WinnieEnd stage kidney disease (ESKD) signifies that the kidney has failed to work. Henceforth, in the absence of a kidney transplant, the work of the kidney is carried out by the process known as dialysis. A diagnosis of ESKD and subsequent dialysis results in major lifestyle changes in the family. It also calls for drastic measures in caregiving for the patient as changes occur in medication and diet. With time, one member of the family, referred to as the Family Caregiver (FCG) becomes responsible for all the patient’s care. Studies have shown that this caregiving burden may compromise the FCG’s health, resulting in, among other mental disorders, anxiety. However, this has not been studied enough and therefore there is need to consider the incidence of and factors associated with anxiety among FCGs of dialysis patients. In a cross-sectional study, using a convenience sample of 96 FCGs and their patients in various private hospitals in Nairobi and using the Beck Anxiety Index (BAI), this study determined the mean anxiety score among the FCGs as 18.9, indicating moderate anxiety. The results demonstrate the following aspects as being significantly associated with elevated anxiety levels: residing away from the patient, educational level of the patients, and doing other work, paticularly business, apart from caring for the patient. These findings are relevant for clinical practice for all those involved in the care including the FCGs, medical community and psychologists.Item Effectiveness of NET in the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Depression among Bereaved Adolescents in Selected Children’s Homes in Kajiado County, Kenya(Elixir International Journal, 2018-10) Okumu, Sheba Atieno; Nzyuko, Solomon; Waiyaki, WinnieNarrative Exposure Therapy’s application was discovered by a research on African refugee’s settlement. NET was noted to help people who have been traumatized confront their painful memories and feelings than Supportive Counseling and Psycho education. Narrative Exposure Therapy uses techniques that aim at reducing the level of distress with memories of the event and quelling the resultant physiological reactions through narration and exposure. NET has also been noted to be better than other types of psychotherapy and psychosocial interventions in post conflict settings. Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) a short-term treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder can be applied in low and middle income, in post conflict settings. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of NET in reducing symptoms of PTSD and depression among bereaved adolescents in selected children’s homes. The study took place in 8 children’s homes in Kajiado County, Kenya. The sample size was 154 bereaved adolesdents aged 12-18 years. All the respondents provided informed consent. Respondents were administered a socio demographic questionaire which captured the age, gender, level of education, and respondents status of significant others. University of California Loss Angeles (UCLA) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index was used to identify the types of traumatic events that bereaved adolescents had experienced. NET was found effective in reducing symptoms of PTSD as seen in reduced mean scores from base-line 3.1923 ± (SD: .55963) to mid-line 2.2308 ± (SD: .50768) and from mid-line to end-line 1.4359 ± (SD: .49908). The reduction was statistically significant at p=0.0001. NET was effective in reducing symptoms of depression as seen in reduced mean scores of the experimental group at base-line (3.04), mid-line (2.39) and end-line (1.23) seen in p=0.0001 compared to the control group. This study confirmed that NET as an effective treatment of PTSD among bereaved adolescents and it is therefore recommended that mental health workers should apply NET in adolescents specifically bereaved and presenting with PTSD symptoms.Item Effects of Parental Abandonment and Strife on Youth Drug Use(African Journal of Alcohol & Drug Abuse, 2021-01) Ndegwa, Stephen; Waiyaki, WinnieParenting behaviour is a major contributor to youth behaviour, and has been shown to precipitate maladaptive behaviours among the youth. Parents have been shown to play a major role in the way children turn out to be later in life. When parents behave negatively, children are likely to behave the same ending up with problematic behaviours. Studies have shown that negative parental practices have produced young people involved in sexual promiscuity, poor academic performance and substance abuse. However, little has been studied on the effects of parental abandonment and strife between parents on youth negative behaviours in Kenya. This study therefore aimed to investigate the effects of parental abandonment and strife on drug use among youth at a Kenyan University. Using the descriptive research design (cross-sectional) the sample size of 407 respondents was selected at 80% power and 10% effect size using stratified random sampling techniques. The Alcohol Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and researcher-generated socio-demographic questionnaire were used to collect data from the respondents. Inferential statistics using ANOVA analysed the data on the Statistical Package for Social and Sciences (SPSS) version 23. The results indicated that respondents who felt rejected at home (p=0.0001), those with parents who did not spend much time with them (p=0.048) and those who felt displeased with their parents’ behaviour (p=0.0001) were statistically associated with substance use. It is concluded that parental behaviour may have a negative influence on youth drug use. The study recommends that parents be made aware of the effect of their actions in abandoning children and in poor conflict management so as to forestall problematic behaviours in their children’s later lifeItem Effects of Parental Abandonment and Strife on Youth Drug Use(African Journal of Alcohol & Drug Abuse, 2020-06) Waiyaki, Winnie; Ndegwa, StephenParenting behaviour is a major contributor to youth behaviour, and has been shown to precipitate maladaptive behaviours among the youth. Parents have been shown to play a major role in the way children turn out to be later in life. When parents behave negatively, children are likely to behave the same ending up with problematic behaviours. Studies have shown that negative parental practices have produced young people involved in sexual promiscuity, poor academic performance and substance abuse. However, little has been studied on the effects of parental abandonment and strife between parents on youth negative behaviours in Kenya. This study therefore aimed to investigate the effects of parental abandonment and strife on drug use among youth at a Kenyan University. Using the descriptive research design (cross-sectional) the sample size of 407 respondents was selected at 80% power and 10% effect size using stratified random sampling techniques. The Alcohol Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and researcher-generated socio-demographic questionnaire were used to collect data from the respondents. Inferential statistics using ANOVA analysed the data on the Statistical Package for Social and Sciences (SPSS) version 23. The results indicated that respondents who felt rejected at home (p=0.0001), those with parents who did not spend much time with them (p=0.048) and those who felt displeased with their parents’ behaviour (p=0.0001) were statistically associated with substance use. It is concluded that parental behaviour may have a negative influence on youth drug use. The study recommends that parents be made aware of the effect of their actions in abandoning children and in poor conflict management so as to forestall problematic behaviours in their children’s later life.Item Effects of Parental Abandonment and Strife on Youth Drug Use(African Journal of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 2020-06) Ndegwa, Stephen; Waiyaki, WinnieParenting behaviour is a major contributor to youth behaviour, and has been shown to precipitate maladaptive behaviours among the youth. Parents have been shown to play a major role in the way children turn out to be later in life. When parents behave negatively, children are likely to behave the same ending up with problematic behaviours. Studies have shown that negative parental practices have produced young people involved in sexual promiscuity, poor academic performance and substance abuse. However, little has been studied on the effects of parental abandonment and strife between parents on youth negative behaviours in Kenya. This study therefore aimed to investigate the effects of parental abandonment and strife on drug use among youth at a Kenyan University. Using the descriptive research design (cross-sectional) the sample size of 407 respondents was selected at 80% power and 10% effect size using stratified random sampling techniques. The Alcohol Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and researcher-generated socio-demographic questionnaire were used to collect data from the respondents. Inferential statistics using ANOVA analysed the data on the Statistical Package for Social and Sciences (SPSS) version 23. The results indicated that respondents who felt rejected at home (p=0.0001), those with parents who did not spend much time with them (p=0.048) and those who felt displeased with their parents’ behaviour (p=0.0001) were statistically associated with substance use. It is concluded that parental behaviour may have a negative influence on youth drug use. The study recommends that parents be made aware of the effect of their actions in abandoning children and in poor conflict management so as to forestall problematic behaviours in their children’s later life.Item The Efficacy Of Cognitive Behavior Therapy On Oppositional Defiant Disorder Among Children In Selected Primary Schools In Nairobi County, Kenya(nternational Journal of Current Research, 2018) Chang’orok, Susan; Yugi, Philemon; Waiyaki, Winnie; Munene, AliceThe rise in defiance cases among children in schools in Kenya calls for the need for proper diagnosis and effective intervention. academic performance this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) among children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in selected primary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. Two primary schools were purposely selected in Nairobi, Kenya. 315 participants between 9 provided assent and their parents provided the consent. The teachers and CADBI tool. Out of 249 participants who met the criteria for ODD, systematic sampling was applied to acquire the required sample size of 180.The experimental group received CBT intervention for three months, while the control gro using SPSS version, Descriptive statistics was done, Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 23. Microsoft Excel was used in processing statistical output as well as constru data tables and graphs. Spearman’s correlation analysis, chi ODD and ADHD with risk factors was done. T test was done to compare the responses between baseline, midline and endline of the study and show the findings of the study were that overall ODD prevalence was 79%, with males having a higher prevalence than female towards the adults and peers 78.2% and 88.5% female 74.6% and 85.3% respectively. The comorbid conditio and parents respectively. Risk factors associated with ODD were; low social conflicts with parents, punishment, suspension from school, not going for counseling, friends and religion. and parents. DID showed significance difference between baseline and midline and between baseline and end line respectively (p < 0.001). Since CBT was effective in children psychologist should use this intervention in primary school and also in the hospital setting so as to prevent the children from developing other serious problems in adulthood such as antisocial personality disorde ADHD since it presents as a comorbid condition. Copyright © 2018, Susan Chang’orok et al. This is an open use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided INTRODUCTION This main purpose of this study was to evaluate cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) among children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in selected primary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. According to Vanden (2007), ODD is a childhood behavior disorder characterized by recurrent disobedient, negativistic, or hostile behavior toward authority figures than usually seen in children of similar age. It manifests as temper tantrums, active defiance of rules, dawdling, argumentativeness, stubbornness, or being easily annoyed. *Corresponding author: Susan Chang’orok, Department of Psychology and Counseling, Daystar University, Nairobi, Kenya ISSN: 0975-833X DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr. Article History: Received 30th July, 2018 Received in revised form 17th August, 2018 Accepted 24th September, 2018 Published online 30th October, 2018 Citation: Susan Chang’orok, Philemon Yugi, Winnie Waiyaki, and Alice Munene Defiant Disorder among Children in Selected primary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya Key Words: Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Child and Adolescent Disruptive Behavior Inventory, Efficacy, Prevalence, Comorbidity, Risk factors. RESEARCH ARTICLE THE EFFICACY OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY ON OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER AMONG CHILDREN IN SELECTED PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA Susan Chang’orok, 2Philemon Yugi, 1Winnie Waiyaki, and 1Alice Munene Department of Psychology and Counseling, Daystar University, Nairobi, Kenya Department of Development Studies, Daystar University Nairobi, Kenya ABSTRACT The rise in defiance cases among children in schools in Kenya calls for the need for proper diagnosis and effective intervention. This is because of the effect it has on the child’s social functioning and academic performance as well as the economic impact it has on their families. The main purpose for this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) among children with itional defiant disorder (ODD) in selected primary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. Two primary schools were purposely selected in Nairobi, Kenya. 315 participants between 9 provided assent and their parents provided the consent. The teachers and CADBI tool. Out of 249 participants who met the criteria for ODD, systematic sampling was applied to acquire the required sample size of 180.The experimental group received CBT intervention for three months, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version, Descriptive statistics was done, Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 23. Microsoft Excel was used in processing statistical output as well as constru data tables and graphs. Spearman’s correlation analysis, chi-square analysis for association between ODD and ADHD with risk factors was done. T test was done to compare the responses between baseline, midline and endline of the study and show the difference in deference findings of the study were that overall ODD prevalence was 79%, with males having a higher prevalence than female towards the adults and peers 78.2% and 88.5% female 74.6% and 85.3% respectively. The comorbid condition associated with ODD was ADHD 78.3% and 47.8% teachers and parents respectively. Risk factors associated with ODD were; low social conflicts with parents, punishment, suspension from school, not going for counseling, friends and religion. Cronbalch alpha of the CADBI tool showed reliability at (α =.918 to. 890) for both teachers and parents. DID showed significance difference between baseline and midline and between baseline and end line respectively (p < 0.001). Since CBT was effective in children psychologist should use this intervention in primary school and also in the hospital setting so as to prevent the children from developing other serious problems in adulthood such as antisocial personality disorder depression and anxiety.Item The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy on Depression Among Family Caregivers of End Stage Kidney Disease Patients in Nairobi County, Kenya(African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2018) Waiyaki, WinnieThe incidence of depression is high among family caregivers (FCGs) of End Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD). Little has been done to find a model of therapy that will alleviate its symptoms in this population. This study aimed at testing a model of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy that would assist FCGs. With a diagnosis of ESKD the lifestyle of the patient’s family is drastically complicated and is surrounded by the demands of dialysis, the FCG undergoes a lot of stressors, referred to as the caregiver burden. According to the Kenya Renal Association, chronic kidney disease, which results in ESKD is on the rise with one million Kenyans already having the disease. This is said to be increasing with ten thousand new cases per year. Among other things, this implies a corresponding increase in caregivers’ burden and specifically depression. Thus, studies have called for effective psychological interventions as available interventions have mainly constituted education on renal disease and very little on psychotherapeutic treatments for the FCGs. This study therefore tested a model of psychotherapy referred to as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) specifically on depression in this population. It used a convenience sample of 96 participants in various private hospitals in Nairobi. The sample was divided into experimental (n=49) and control groups (n=47). A quasi-experiment was done to determine the efficacy of CBT in reducing the symptoms of depression in the participants by applying the treatment to the experimental group. Data was analysed using inferential statistics. The results revealed that FCGs had moderate depression, among other mental disorders. CBT was found to be effective in reducing the symptoms of depression from moderate to mild and normal. Hence, CBT was recommended as part of the treatment protocols for ESKDItem Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy on Depressionand Anxiety Disorders among Caregivers of Kidney Patients on Dialysis in Nairobi County(Daystar University, School of Human and Social Sciences, 2016-05) Waiyaki, WinnieThis study focused on depression and anxiety among family caregivers (FCGs) of dialysis patients. Studies have shown that this population has an onerous caregiving burden with the patient requiring much care due to the unique demands of kidney failure. This leads to depression and anxiety in the FCGs which requires psychological intervention. Available interventions have constituted mainly of education on renal disease and very little on psychotherapeutic treatments for the FCGs. Therefore, this study tested a model of psychotherapy referred to as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Using a convenience sample in various hospitals in Nairobi, this quasi-experiment determined the severity of depression and anxiety among the FCGs, their social demographics (and those of their patients) and how these characteristics associated with the mental disorders in question. The sample had an experimental (n=49) and a control group (n=47). The participants were assessed using various psychological tools and a researcher-generated socio-demographic questionnaire. Only those who had depression and anxiety were included in the study. Assessments were done at baseline, midline and endline. Only the experimental group received the CBT. Data was analysed using inferential statistics. Chi-square, t-tests and ANOVA were used to compare the distribution of different variables within and between the study groups. Regressions were done to test the strength of associations between the variables. The results revealed that the FCGs had moderate depression and anxiety with an 85% comorbidity rate. Gender, residence with the patients, doing business while caregiving and education level of the patients were positively associated with depression and anxiety. CBT was found to be effective in reducing the symptoms of depression and anxiety, from moderate to mild and normal. Hence, CBT was recommended as part of the treatment protocols for ESKD.Item Risk Factors Associated with Oppositional Defiant Disorder among Children in Selected Primary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya(Elixir Social Studies 122, 2018-10) Chang’orok, Susan; Yugi, Philemon; Waiyaki, Winnie; Munene, AliceThe main purpose for this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) among children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in selected primary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. The rise in defiance cases among children in schools in Kenya, the social, educational and economic impact it has on the children and their families have led for the need for proper diagnosis and effective intervention. The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with oppositional defiant disorder among children. Quasi experimental research design was used in the study with a sample of 180 respondents .The study involved children aged between 9 to 14 years. Purposive sampling was used in selecting the two schools. 315 respondents completed the demographic questionnaires; the respondent’s parents also completed the socio-demographic questionnaires. Teachers and parents completed the CADBI at baseline assessment to identify those with symptoms of ODD. Systematic sampling method was applied on 249 participants who met the criteria for ODD because the number exceeded the required sample size. Risk factors associated with ODD were; religion, educational level of the respondents, conflicted relationship with parents, punishment in school, socio economic status and suspension from school, respondents whose parents were casual laborers, the level of education of the respondent’s parents. Significance was reported at p < 0.05. In conclusion, primary schools need to have professional psychologists to provide counseling services to the children presenting with ODD symptoms and devise intervention that will help in the management of ODD .This will help the children function well both socially and academically. This will also stop the progression of ODD to other mental disorders when they are adults for example; Depression, Anxiety, Antisocial Disorder which causes problems with adjustment in the community.Item The Mental Health Situation Among Teachers in Learning Institutions in Kenya: A Concern for Attainment of Quality Education (SDG. NO. 4)(Journal of Conflict Management and Sustainable Development, 2023) Waiyaki, Winnie; Cherui, Rodgers GowonThe whole area of mental health has gained prominence in recent years. Its impact on emotional, psychological, and social well-being of an individual has become a matter of great concern including in education. Impacts of mental illness to students and pupils have been studied, including how their education and social performance is affected, with several interventions suggested for coping. The education of a nation resonates with the extent to which development occurs and is sustained. However, not much has been studied on the impact of mental health on the instructors in the technical and vocational training institutions. It is assumed that the teachers are well prepared to help learners with mental health problems but, modalities to help instructors cope with their own mental health issues given the prevailing conditions in our society have been overlooked. This paper assesses instructors’ awareness of their mental health and coping strategies in technical and vocational training institutions. The paper relies on available secondary data and reviewed existing literature on mental health issues and interventions among instructors. The paper established that many instructors suffer from mental health disorders without being aware. Several etiological factors were identified that contribute to this among them, the working conditions and family issues. The effects of poor mental health identified in education include stress, burnout, and demotivation, which, if unattended may give rise to mental disorders such as depression. The paper concludes that individuals, institutions, and policy makers need to work together to address the mental health of instructors and therefore recommended that mental health units be set up in vocational training centers, be equipped with qualified mental health workers who can continually assess for mental disorders and apply requisite interventions promptly. Teachers are also encouraged to take it upon themselves to seek attention for their mental health issues to arrest problems before they get out of hand.Item The Prevalence of Oppositional Defiant Disorder among Children in Selected primary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya(African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2018) Chang’orok, Susan; Yugi, Philemon; Waiyaki, Winnie; Munene, AliceAbstract There is an increase in the cases of defiance among children in primary schools in Kenya. This has an impact on the child and the families since a lot of time and money is needed to take care of such a child. The purpose of this study was to find out the prevalence of oppositional defiant disorder among children in selected primary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study involved respondents aged between 9 to 14 years. Quasi experimental research design was used in the study with a sample size of 180 respondents. Two schools were selected using purposive sampling. The experimental group received CBT intervention for three months, while the control group did not. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 23 and descriptive statistics were generated. Reliability tests of the CADBI scores showed reliability at 0.8 to 0.9. The overall ODD prevalence was 79%, with males having a higher prevalence than females. ODD increased with respondent’s educational level. It is recommended that primary schools need to have psychologists to provided mental health services to children with ODD and offer timely intervention.Item The Prevalence of Oppositional Defiant Disorder among Children in Selected primary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya(African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2018) Changorok, Susan; Yugi, Philemon; Waiyaki, WinnieThere is an increase in the cases of defiance among children in primary schools in Kenya. This has an impact on the child and the families since a lot of time and money is needed to take care of such a child. The purpose of this study was to find out the prevalence of oppositional defiant disorder among children in selected primary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study involved respondents aged between 9 to 14 years. Quasi experimental research design was used in the study with a sample size of 180 respondents. Two schools were selected using purposive sampling. The experimental group received CBT intervention for three months, while the control group did not. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 23 and descriptive statistics were generated. Reliability tests of the CADBI scores showed reliability at 0.8 to 0.9. The overall ODD prevalence was 79%, with males having a higher prevalence than females. ODD increased with respondent’s educational level. It is recommended that primary schools need to have psychologists to provided mental health services to children with ODD and offer timely intervention