Browsing by Author "Waiyaki, Winnie"
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Item Anxiety in Family Caregivers of Dialysis Patients in Nairobi County, Kenya(African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2018) Waiyaki, WinnieEnd stage kidney disease (ESKD) signifies that the kidney has failed to work. Henceforth, in the absence of a kidney transplant, the work of the kidney is carried out by the process known as dialysis. A diagnosis of ESKD and subsequent dialysis results in major lifestyle changes in the family. It also calls for drastic measures in caregiving for the patient as changes occur in medication and diet. With time, one member of the family, referred to as the Family Caregiver (FCG) becomes responsible for all the patient’s care. Studies have shown that this caregiving burden may compromise the FCG’s health, resulting in, among other mental disorders, anxiety. However, this has not been studied enough and therefore there is need to consider the incidence of and factors associated with anxiety among FCGs of dialysis patients. In a cross-sectional study, using a convenience sample of 96 FCGs and their patients in various private hospitals in Nairobi and using the Beck Anxiety Index (BAI), this study determined the mean anxiety score among the FCGs as 18.9, indicating moderate anxiety. The results demonstrate the following aspects as being significantly associated with elevated anxiety levels: residing away from the patient, educational level of the patients, and doing other work, paticularly business, apart from caring for the patient. These findings are relevant for clinical practice for all those involved in the care including the FCGs, medical community and psychologists.Item The Efficacy Of Cognitive Behavior Therapy On Oppositional Defiant Disorder Among Children In Selected Primary Schools In Nairobi County, Kenya(nternational Journal of Current Research, 2018) Chang’orok, Susan; Yugi, Philemon; Waiyaki, Winnie; Munene, AliceThe rise in defiance cases among children in schools in Kenya calls for the need for proper diagnosis and effective intervention. academic performance this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) among children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in selected primary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. Two primary schools were purposely selected in Nairobi, Kenya. 315 participants between 9 provided assent and their parents provided the consent. The teachers and CADBI tool. Out of 249 participants who met the criteria for ODD, systematic sampling was applied to acquire the required sample size of 180.The experimental group received CBT intervention for three months, while the control gro using SPSS version, Descriptive statistics was done, Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 23. Microsoft Excel was used in processing statistical output as well as constru data tables and graphs. Spearman’s correlation analysis, chi ODD and ADHD with risk factors was done. T test was done to compare the responses between baseline, midline and endline of the study and show the findings of the study were that overall ODD prevalence was 79%, with males having a higher prevalence than female towards the adults and peers 78.2% and 88.5% female 74.6% and 85.3% respectively. The comorbid conditio and parents respectively. Risk factors associated with ODD were; low social conflicts with parents, punishment, suspension from school, not going for counseling, friends and religion. and parents. DID showed significance difference between baseline and midline and between baseline and end line respectively (p < 0.001). Since CBT was effective in children psychologist should use this intervention in primary school and also in the hospital setting so as to prevent the children from developing other serious problems in adulthood such as antisocial personality disorde ADHD since it presents as a comorbid condition. Copyright © 2018, Susan Chang’orok et al. This is an open use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided INTRODUCTION This main purpose of this study was to evaluate cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) among children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in selected primary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. According to Vanden (2007), ODD is a childhood behavior disorder characterized by recurrent disobedient, negativistic, or hostile behavior toward authority figures than usually seen in children of similar age. It manifests as temper tantrums, active defiance of rules, dawdling, argumentativeness, stubbornness, or being easily annoyed. *Corresponding author: Susan Chang’orok, Department of Psychology and Counseling, Daystar University, Nairobi, Kenya ISSN: 0975-833X DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr. Article History: Received 30th July, 2018 Received in revised form 17th August, 2018 Accepted 24th September, 2018 Published online 30th October, 2018 Citation: Susan Chang’orok, Philemon Yugi, Winnie Waiyaki, and Alice Munene Defiant Disorder among Children in Selected primary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya Key Words: Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Child and Adolescent Disruptive Behavior Inventory, Efficacy, Prevalence, Comorbidity, Risk factors. RESEARCH ARTICLE THE EFFICACY OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY ON OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER AMONG CHILDREN IN SELECTED PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA Susan Chang’orok, 2Philemon Yugi, 1Winnie Waiyaki, and 1Alice Munene Department of Psychology and Counseling, Daystar University, Nairobi, Kenya Department of Development Studies, Daystar University Nairobi, Kenya ABSTRACT The rise in defiance cases among children in schools in Kenya calls for the need for proper diagnosis and effective intervention. This is because of the effect it has on the child’s social functioning and academic performance as well as the economic impact it has on their families. The main purpose for this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) among children with itional defiant disorder (ODD) in selected primary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. Two primary schools were purposely selected in Nairobi, Kenya. 315 participants between 9 provided assent and their parents provided the consent. The teachers and CADBI tool. Out of 249 participants who met the criteria for ODD, systematic sampling was applied to acquire the required sample size of 180.The experimental group received CBT intervention for three months, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version, Descriptive statistics was done, Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 23. Microsoft Excel was used in processing statistical output as well as constru data tables and graphs. Spearman’s correlation analysis, chi-square analysis for association between ODD and ADHD with risk factors was done. T test was done to compare the responses between baseline, midline and endline of the study and show the difference in deference findings of the study were that overall ODD prevalence was 79%, with males having a higher prevalence than female towards the adults and peers 78.2% and 88.5% female 74.6% and 85.3% respectively. The comorbid condition associated with ODD was ADHD 78.3% and 47.8% teachers and parents respectively. Risk factors associated with ODD were; low social conflicts with parents, punishment, suspension from school, not going for counseling, friends and religion. Cronbalch alpha of the CADBI tool showed reliability at (α =.918 to. 890) for both teachers and parents. DID showed significance difference between baseline and midline and between baseline and end line respectively (p < 0.001). Since CBT was effective in children psychologist should use this intervention in primary school and also in the hospital setting so as to prevent the children from developing other serious problems in adulthood such as antisocial personality disorder depression and anxiety.Item The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy on Depression Among Family Caregivers of End Stage Kidney Disease Patients in Nairobi County, Kenya(African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2018) Waiyaki, WinnieThe incidence of depression is high among family caregivers (FCGs) of End Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD). Little has been done to find a model of therapy that will alleviate its symptoms in this population. This study aimed at testing a model of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy that would assist FCGs. With a diagnosis of ESKD the lifestyle of the patient’s family is drastically complicated and is surrounded by the demands of dialysis, the FCG undergoes a lot of stressors, referred to as the caregiver burden. According to the Kenya Renal Association, chronic kidney disease, which results in ESKD is on the rise with one million Kenyans already having the disease. This is said to be increasing with ten thousand new cases per year. Among other things, this implies a corresponding increase in caregivers’ burden and specifically depression. Thus, studies have called for effective psychological interventions as available interventions have mainly constituted education on renal disease and very little on psychotherapeutic treatments for the FCGs. This study therefore tested a model of psychotherapy referred to as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) specifically on depression in this population. It used a convenience sample of 96 participants in various private hospitals in Nairobi. The sample was divided into experimental (n=49) and control groups (n=47). A quasi-experiment was done to determine the efficacy of CBT in reducing the symptoms of depression in the participants by applying the treatment to the experimental group. Data was analysed using inferential statistics. The results revealed that FCGs had moderate depression, among other mental disorders. CBT was found to be effective in reducing the symptoms of depression from moderate to mild and normal. Hence, CBT was recommended as part of the treatment protocols for ESKDItem Risk Factors Associated with Oppositional Defiant Disorder among Children in Selected Primary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya(Elixir Social Studies 122, 2018-10) Chang’orok, Susan; Yugi, Philemon; Waiyaki, Winnie; Munene, AliceThe main purpose for this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) among children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in selected primary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. The rise in defiance cases among children in schools in Kenya, the social, educational and economic impact it has on the children and their families have led for the need for proper diagnosis and effective intervention. The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with oppositional defiant disorder among children. Quasi experimental research design was used in the study with a sample of 180 respondents .The study involved children aged between 9 to 14 years. Purposive sampling was used in selecting the two schools. 315 respondents completed the demographic questionnaires; the respondent’s parents also completed the socio-demographic questionnaires. Teachers and parents completed the CADBI at baseline assessment to identify those with symptoms of ODD. Systematic sampling method was applied on 249 participants who met the criteria for ODD because the number exceeded the required sample size. Risk factors associated with ODD were; religion, educational level of the respondents, conflicted relationship with parents, punishment in school, socio economic status and suspension from school, respondents whose parents were casual laborers, the level of education of the respondent’s parents. Significance was reported at p < 0.05. In conclusion, primary schools need to have professional psychologists to provide counseling services to the children presenting with ODD symptoms and devise intervention that will help in the management of ODD .This will help the children function well both socially and academically. This will also stop the progression of ODD to other mental disorders when they are adults for example; Depression, Anxiety, Antisocial Disorder which causes problems with adjustment in the community.