Gendered Adaptation Strategies to Water Scarcity: A Case Study of Smallholder Farmers in Machakos County, Kenya

Abstract

This study investigates adaptations to water scarcity in gendered dimensions among farmers in Machakos County, Kenya. It seeks to understand how farmers, both male and female, perceive and cope with the impacts of changing water resources in a semi- arid environment. Anchored within Gender and Development (GAD) theory, where emphasis is placed on socio-cultural construction of gender roles affecting access to resources and decision-making, the qualitative case study design utilized in-depth interviews and participant observation as data collection methods, specifically with purposively selected male and female farmers. The study sought to bring to light the livelihoods, coping mechanisms, and constraints of both genders in agricultural water management. Findings reveal that female farmers bear the brunt of water scarcity due to poor access to land, capital, and water technologies, even though they are much more resilient and innovative. In contrast, male farmers often access formal support systems and networks. The study’s insights contribute to a deeper understanding of gendered vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities in the context of climate change. Further, findings emerging from this study will feed into gender-sensitive agricultural policies and development programs that promote equitable distribution of resources and enhance the sustainability of farming practices for areas with water scarcity.