Browsing by Author "Wekesa, K. T"

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    Commercialization of Intellectual Property Rights at Universities a s an Additional Revenue Stream
    (Paradigm Academic Press Law and Economy, 2024-03) Wekesa, Moni ; Mikinyango, Asha; Okayo, A.; Wekesa, K. T; Sikuku, J. W.
    This paper investigates the commercialization of Intellectual Property (IPRs) at universities and the potential for universities in Kenya to leverage their Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) as a vital revenue source. Even though they possess significant intellectual assets, many universities have failed to utilize IPRs and in turn, losing opportunities for income generation. The paper introduces the concept of IP commercialization and the legal IP framework in Kenya and proceeds to discuss how research conducted in institutions of higher learning can be commercialized through an analysis of best practices and case studies. The discussion outlines the relevance of Intellectual Property to universities, the strategies for universities to maximize the value of their IPRs and establish sustainable income streams. Drawing upon relevant literature and academic research, it provides insights into the commercialization process, legal considerations, and the role of technology transfer offices in facilitating successful IPR monetization. The paper concludes by establishing that by implementing proactive strategies and fostering a culture of innovation, universities in Kenya can unlock the full potential of their intellectual assets and achieve financial sustainability.
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    Legal Mechanisms for Eliminating Discrimination Against Women in Executive Boards of Sports Federations
    (Paradigm Academic Press, 2025-05) Nguru, Judith; Tioko, EE; Wekesa, Moni; Ayiro, Laban Peter; Ashubwe, JA; Mikinyango, Asha; Wekesa, K. T
    The question of gender parity in sports governance gained traction following provisions in international treaties on non-discrimination of persons. Sports governing bodies have been whipped into following suit. The Constitution of Kenya, 2010, also forbids discrimination. Despite global commitments by international sports bodies to gender equality, women remain underrepresented in leadership roles. Numerous studies have reported this phenomenon. This study investigated the persistent underrepresentation of women in leadership roles within international, regional/African, and national sports governance structures, with a focus on identifying the legal and institutional mechanisms that enable or obstruct gender equality. This study relied on feminist jurisprudence as the underlying theory. This research employed a doctrinal methodology to evaluate and analyze various laws and journal articles. Content analysis and descriptive statistics were applied to the data. Purposive sampling was used to select a total of 63 sports federations out of 360 (17.5%). Out of these, only 15 (23.8%) sports federations have a gender representation of at least one-third, with some, such as the International Cricket Council, recording 0%. Only four (19%) of the national sports bodies studied are compliant with constitutional provisions. Most of the sports bodies do not have specific quotas for achieving gender parity. The hierarchical structure of sports bodies often promotes ‘oligarchy’. It is recommended that enforceable gender parity clause providing for a minimum quota of 40% be built into the constitutions/statutes of all sports bodies at all levels.
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    Use of Objective Tests in Examining Law Courses at Daystar University
    (Paradigm Academic Press, 2024-09) Wekesa, Moni; Mikinyango, Asha; Kirumbu, Michael Kiura; Wandera, Susan N.; Wekesa, K. T
    The use of multiple-choice questions (MCQs) in law schools has not gained widespread acceptance, unlike in medical schools where they enjoy global usage. Law Schools traditionally use essay-type/problem-solving questions to assess students. The efficacy of this form of assessment is increasingly being attacked due to increasing numbers of students and advancements in technology that enable students to generate answers. Bloom’s Taxonomy provides for a hierarchy of learning processes, which include ‘remember’, ‘understand’, ‘apply’, ‘analysis’, ‘evaluate’, and ‘create’. Studies on whether MCQs can test higher-order learning processes required in law courses have been inconclusive. We did a retrospective study to investigate whether MCQs are an efficient and effective way of assessing law courses. Underlying this study was the desire to find an alternative mode of assessment to overcome the threats facing the essay type. Results from selected law courses were analyzed in which students’ performance on MCQ tests, oral tests, and final examinations were compared. MCQs were analyzed on a two-dimensional Bloom’s table to establish the extent to which they tested higher-order learning processes. We compared the results of scores on the MCQs with those of oral tests and final essay-type examinations using correlational analysis and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). This was for the courses Constitutional Law (n = 22, MCQs = 75), Intellectual Property Rights (n = 113, MCQs = 100), Broadcast & TV Law (n = 11, MCQs = 76), Administrative Law (n = 65, MCQs = 91), and Cyberspace Law (n = 28, MCQs = 101). In general, students performed best on the MCQ test compared to orals and final exams. A two-tailed correlation analysis comparing all five courses showed a strong correlation between MCQs and Orals (r = 0.699, p = 0.189) and a weak correlation between MCQ test and final exam (r = 0.196, p = 0.752). Sixty-eight percent of 75 MCQs in Constitutional Law tested higher-order processes. The mean scores for MCQ (𝑥̅+𝜎 = 39.45 + 4.83), orals (𝑥̅+𝜎 = 7.64+18.72), and final exam (𝑥̅+𝜎 = 28.5 + 8.88) showed a best performance for MCGs. ANOVA comparing test scores for MCQs, Orals and Final examination showed a very significant difference (F (2, 63, 0.05) = 38.11, p < 0.0001). Fifty-four out of 100 MCQs for intellectual property Law tested higher-order learning processes. The mean scores for MCQ (𝑥̅+𝜎 = 39.78 + 5.22), orals (𝑥̅+𝜎 = 18.88+14.66), and final exam (𝑥̅+𝜎 = 29.0442 + 7.71) showed a best performance for MCQs. ANOVA results were highly significant (F (2,342,0.05) = 125.565, p < 0.0001). In Broadcast & TV Law, 44.7% of 76 MCQs tested higher-order learning processes. The mean scores for MCQ (𝑥̅+𝜎 = 43.27+6.89), orals (𝑥̅+𝜎 = 31.09+12.53), and final exam (𝑥̅+𝜎 = 32.09 + 6.69) were different. ANOVA results were very significant (F (2,30,0.05) = 6.057, p < 0.01). There were 91 MCQs in Administrative Law of which 74% tested higher-order processes. The mean scores for the three tests were MCQ (𝑥̅+𝜎 = 33.05 + 4.76), orals (𝑥̅+𝜎 = 22.89 + 16.08), and final exam (𝑥̅+𝜎 = 32.58 + 5.58). ANOVA results were very significant with F (2,191,0.05)= 20.388, p < 0.0001. Cyberspace Law had 101 MCQs of which 38.6% tested higher-order learning processes.The mean scores for MCQ (𝑥̅+𝜎 = 43.50 + 4.51), orals (𝑥̅+𝜎 = 36.43 + 2.27), and final exam (𝑥̅+𝜎 = 35.04 + 7.71) were different. ANOVA results were very significant (F (2,81,0.05) = 20.375, p < 0.0001). We concluded that MCQs are efficacious and efficient in testing higher-order learning processes. MCQs can be used to assess learning of law courses. We recommend that law schools should embrace MCQs for assessing law courses.