Daystar University Repository :: Browsing by Author "Ongaro, Kennedy"

Browsing by Author "Ongaro, Kennedy"

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A Comparative Study on Effectiveness of Mindfulness Cognitive Behaviour Therapy and 12-Steps Model on Relapse Prevention Among Persons with Substance Use Disorder in Selected Rehabilitation Centers in Nairobi and Kajiado Counties in Kenya.
(African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2022) Anundo, Jacqueline A. ; Ayuya, Caroline; Ongaro, Kennedy
Abstract High relapse rates present significant challenges for substance use disorder (SUD) treatment. The purpose of this study was to compare effectiveness of mindfulness cognitive behaviour therapy (MCBT) and the 12-Steps model on relapse prevention among persons with SUD in selected rehabilitation centres in Kenya. Objectives of this study were to establish the baseline socio-demographic characteristics; types of substances abused and relapse rates from previous treatments; to compare post-discharge relapse performance of MCBT participants vs 12-Steps participants in selected rehabilitation centres in Kajiado and Nairobi Counties in Kenya. This study adopted quasi-experimental design targeting 96 rehabilitation centres, focusing on participants aged between 18 - 40 years. The study used a sample size of 120 participants from 6 rehabilitation centers. Purposive sampling was used to select the study sites while convenience sampling used to select participants. The rehabilitation centers were grouped into 3 experimental groups (MCBT) and 3 control groups (12-Steps). Data was collected through questionnaires and assessment tools consisting of a Socio-Demographic Questionnaire, Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and Advance Warning of Relapse (AWARE) Questionnaire. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive, inferential statistics. The study found that age and religiosity were significant SUD relapse risk factors. Generally, both interventions, MCBT and 12-Steps model, were effective managing SUD, however, it was evident that MCBT had a higher success rate than 12-Steps model in preventing SUD relapse. It is, therefore, recommended that SUD rehabilitation institutions in the country begin adopting MCBT. The study also recommends that among the SUD rehabilitation institutions that opt to continue with the 12-Steps model, their counsellors should be given additional training on MCBT. Finally, religious leaders as well as other stakeholders need to work on destigmatizing addiction and encourage treatment for persons with SUD and especially females with substance use problems.
Association between Anxiety Disorders and Socio-Demographic Characteristics among School Going Children in Nairobi, Kenya
(International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE), 2019-12) Mathenge, Justus; Ayuya, Caroline; Ongaro, Kennedy; Khasakhala, Lincoln
The purpose of this study was determine association between Anxiety Disorder and Socio-demographic characteristics among School going children in Nairobi, Kenya. The study employed a descriptive study design utilizing purposeful sampling frame.The sample size of 92 was drawn from classes 3 to 7 at Our Lady Queen of Peace and Amani primary schools. Data was collected using a self-administered Socio-demographic and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED) – Child Version. Findings indicated that the socio-demographic characteristics; 50% of the respondents’ parents were not living together with a significant number of the pupils living with their single mother compared to single fathers. Half of the respondents were from very poor socio-economic background as depicted by materials used in constructing houses their family lived-in (mud 2.7%, 8.0% wooden materials and 37.1% iron sheets) and source of water for domestic use, where 31.7% drew water from a common tab outside their houses.
Correlation between Anger and Anxiety among Secondary School Students
(International Journal of Current Research, 2018) Menecha, Jared Bravin; Munene, Alice; Ongaro, Kennedy
Anger is a disruptive emotion that manifests in an individual and aggravates symptoms of other psychiatric conditions. Previous studies have shown that anger deepens symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, a condition that impacts negatively on millions of people in the world. These studies had pointed out that there seems to be a link between anger and anxiety. This study sought to investigate the correlation between anger and anxiety among students in public secondary schools in Nakuru sub County, Kenya A group 100 students (50 boys and 50 girls) challenged with extreme anger were assigned either to an experimental group which received a Mindfulness Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MBCBT) treatment or to a control group which continued with Therapy as Usual.
Difference in Anger Expression in Boys and Girls in Secondary School Students in Nakuru County, Kenya
(African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2018) Menecha, Jared Bravin; Munene, Alice; Ongaro, Kennedy
Differences in anger expression and anger control across gender are a crucial issue that needs to be addressed to understand why the emotional and behavioral patterns of boys and girls are different in secondary schools. Prior studies have pointed out that there are no major differences in anger expression and anger control between boys and girls. This study examined whether there were differences in anger expression and control between 50 boys and 50 girls assigned either to an experimental group which was exposed to a Mindfulness Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for a period of 10 weeks, or a control group which continued with Therapy As Usual for the same period. The findings indicated that there were differences in anger expression and control between boys and girls.
Difference in Anger Expression in Boys and Girls in Secondary School Students in Nakuru County, Kenya
(African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2018) Menecha, Jared Bravin; Munene, Alice; Ongaro, Kennedy
Differences in anger expression and anger control across gender are a crucial issue that needs to be addressed to understand why the emotional and behavioral patterns of boys and girls are different in secondary schools. Prior studies have pointed out that there are no major differences in anger expression and anger control between boys and girls. This study examined whether there were differences in anger expression and control between 50 boys and 50 girls assigned either to an experimental group which was exposed to a Mindfulness Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for a period of 10 weeks, or a control group which continued with Therapy As Usual for the same period. The findings indicated that there were differences in anger expression and control between boys and girls.
Efficacy of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in Managing Anger among Students in Public Secondary Schools in Nakuru County, Kenya
(African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2019) Ongaro, Kennedy; Menecha, Jared Bravin; Munene, Alice
Anger is a disruptive emotion, a strong feeling of distress in response to a specific provocation and one of the most challenging emotions encountered in psychotherapy. Despite the fact that a number of interventions have been put in place to help especially secondary school students to cope with anger, the problem of anger still looms in our academic institutions. This study aimed at establishing the efficacy of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MBCBT) in managing anger among 100 students (50 boys and 50 girls) in public secondary schools. The students were assigned to either an experimental group or a control group. Those in experimental group were exposed to an MBCBT intervention for a period of 10 weeks while those in the control group received no treatment for the same period. The findings of this study showed that MBCBT had a great impact in the reduction of anger, depressive, and anxiety symptoms. It also confirmed that MBCBT is a superior intervention for extreme anger.
Gender Dynamics in Participatory Fish-Farming toward Sustainable Community Development in Kisii County, Kenya
(International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research (IJSTER), 2018-10) Ongaro, Kennedy
Mainstreaming gender equity in participatory fish-farming is important in the attainment of protein food security, reducing poverty and improving food security in Kisii County. There are various permanent rivers in Kisii County, but fish farming was not commonly practiced as the alternative source of the traditional protein food. People depended on fishing from the common water bodies accessible from their neighborhood, which was limited. The study was based on the problem whose statement was that women and the poor people lacked an enabling environment for participatory fish-farming toward protein-food security and sustainable community development in Kisii County. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: 1. Assess gender dynamic-issues in participatory fish-farming toward food security and sustainable community development in Kisii County; 2). Examine ways of building women’s capacity to strengthen participatory fish farming in Kisii County; and 3). Explore ways to increase monitoring, evaluation and responsiveness in gender-based participatory fish farming in Kisii County. Literature relating to gender equality and community capacity building for participatory fish farming was reviewed. The study used descriptive survey method, and used purposive cluster sampling method to select 160 respondents out of the population of the study. The study findings revealed that fish farming as an alternative source of protein food has the potential of safeguarding food security in the face of climate change challenges. But fish farming was administered under the public department of fisheries, and the method used was mostly top-down approach of disseminating information for improved fish farming. Therefore, there was room to promote gender-based participatory fish farming toward food security and sustainable development in Kisii County. The study recommended that the leaders need to develop and implement a policy guide to promote participatory fish farming, including participation of women and poor household members in decision making, management and improvement of fish farming. Women and the vulnerable members of the society also need to be ready and willing to be empowered to participate in fish farming as alternative source of protein food.
Prevalence and Correlates of Complicated Grief among Parentally Bereaved Children in Siaya County, Kenya.
(African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2020) Ongaro, Kennedy; Ngesa, Maureen O.; Tuikong, Sylvia
Death of a parent is considered as the most traumatic event that a child could go through. The psychological vulnerability coupled with sociocultural factors associated with bereavement further predispose children to risks of developing complicated grief. Although many of the reactions experienced by bereaved children are below the level that would indicate a disorder, orphaned children experience the significant difficulty that warrants clinical diagnosis and treatment. Considering that complicated grief in children is a less researched area particularly in Kenya, there is limited literature on the prevalence of complicated grief among orphaned children. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of orphaned children aged 10-15 years in selected public primary schools in Siaya County and assess risk factors associated with the development of complicated grief. The participants in this study were orphaned children who had experienced the death of at least one parent. A total of 426 orphans from 12 public primary schools were screened using the Brief Grief Questionnaire (BGQ). Those found to have elevated grief scores on the BGQ were then administered the Inventory for Complicated Grief to determine the clinical levels of grief. Out of the 426 participants screened, there were 397 valid screens in which 34% (n=134) scored less than 5 points while 263 participants (66%) scored 5 points and above indicating that they had significantly elevated/pathological grief symptoms. A binomial test was used to determine the prevalence of grief, and linear regression analysis was used to establish risk factors associated with complicated grief. Using the Inventory for Complicated Grief (ICG), to determine the clinical levels, a mean grief score of 31.6 (SD = 9.52) was recorded. The results further revealed that the number of siblings, separation from siblings, and level of closeness to deceased mother were associated with significantly elevated grief scores while age, gender and level of closeness with deceased father were not associated with increased levels of grief. The results on prevalence and risk factors are critical in identifying bereaved children at high risk of developing complicated grief and targeting grief interventions for these vulnerable groups.
Prevalence and Correlation of Anxiety Disorders among Primary School Children in Nairobi, Kenya
(International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE), 2019-12) Mathenge, Justus; Ayuya, Caroline; Ongaro, Kennedy; Khasakhala, Lincoln
The purpose of this study was establish the prevalence of anxiety disorders among primary school going children in Nairobi, Kenya. The study employed a descriptive study design utilizing purposeful sampling frame. The sample size of 224 was drawn from classes 3 to 7 at Our Lady Queen of Peace and Amani Primary Schools. Data was collected using a self-administered Socio-demographic and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED) – Child Version. Findings showed the prevalence of anxiety disorders was extremely high (80.8%) and were comorbid as is shown by positive correlation coefficient (r) p< 0.001 between the types of anxiety disorders. For specific anxiety disorders prevalence were: 66.5% had panic disorder, 56.3% generalized anxiety disorder, 81.7% separation anxiety disorder, 61.2% social anxiety disorder and 30.4% significant school avoidance. This study therefore shows that children’s mental health in an African cultural and environmental context wanting. These study findings can go a long way in helping the authorities concerned with health services to appreciate the need for a concerted effort in the formulation of policies and the need to provide resources to enhance mental health services in children attending primary school.
Prevalence of Conduct Disorder among Adolescents in Secondary Schools: A Case of Kamukunji and Olympic Mixed Sub-County Secondary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya
(African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2017) Gitonga, Monica; Muriungi, Susan K.; Ongaro, Kennedy; Omondi, M.
Conduct disorder (CD) is a behavioral emotional mental disorder associated with a host of negative and social outcomes among adolescents. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of CD and establish the relationship between CD and socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. The study adopted a cross-sectional study design. Cluster and purposive sampling techniques were used to select 611 participants out of the 840 study population in the two sites. Data was collected by administering a socio-demographic questionnaire (SDQ) and a standardized conduct disorder scale (CDS). Measures of central tendencies, bivariate and multivariate analysis were computed using SPSS version 21. The key findings of the study were that overall CD prevalence was 31.4%, with males having a higher prevalence than females p=0.009, CD increased with respondents’ age (p=0.008), religion significantly impacted on CD prevalence either as a precipitating or as a protective factor (p=0.041). CD being a behavioral emotional disorder and the prevalence being this significantly high call for appropriate psychological interventions. Based on the findings, the study recommends capacity building of principals and teachers so as to be able to identify CD tendencies among students. Further, the study suggests effective treatment for CD in order to help curb the emergence of CD among the students while reducing the burden of disease on parents of affected adolescents, the school and the community.
Relapse Risk Factors Across Socio-Demographic Patterns Of Persons Admitted With Substance Use Disorder In Selected Rehabilitation Centres In Kenya
(Researchjournali’s Journal of Public Health, 2022-04) Anundo, Jacqueline A. ; Ayuya, Caroline; Ongaro, Kennedy
An understanding of the impact of risk factors for relapse can be instrumental in developing more targeted treatment to reduce relapse rates. This paper examined the relapse risk factors across socio-demographic patterns of persons admitted with substance use disorder. Objectives of this study were; to determine the levels of hazardous and risky use of substances among persons admitted for SUD treatment and to establish the risk factors associated with relapse. The study targeted 6 accredited rehabilitation centers, focused on participants aged between 18 and 40 years with a sample size of 120 participants. Rehabilitation centres were selected through purposive sampling, convenience sampling was used to select the drug addicts. Data was collected using questionnaires, assessment tools consisting of Advance Warning of Relapse (AWARE) Questionnaire, the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Socio-Demographic Questionnaire and the Observation Schedule. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and presented using tables. Results show that relapse risk of alcohol use was significant among age groups and religious groups. Relapse risk predisposition was significant among alcohol and cannabis users while tobacco had a significant but low relapse risk.
Religiosity and Substance Use Disorder in Kenya: What are the Implications on the Future of Rehabilitation Interventions?
(International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR), 2021) Anundo, Jacqueline A.; Ayuya, Caroline; Ongaro, Kennedy
Substance use is increasingly becoming a global problem and a constant health crisis that affects each region of the world. Substance use tends to induce certain disorders and this makes users prone to psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety and psychosis among others. Successful treatment for substance use disorders (SUD) must take into account other underlying factors that either protect or predispose the patients to SUD. Religiosity has been suggested as one of the most important protective factors against drug use, preventing individuals from using drugs even if they live in precarious environments. However, previous studies in Kenya have not investigated the links between religiosity and substance use disorder in the country prompting the need for the study. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design targeting 6 government accredited rehabilitation centers in Kenya. A sample size of 120 participants were selected through convenience sampling. The Socio-Demographic Questionnaire and substance use assessment tools consisting of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) were used for data collection. Quantitative data generated was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics involving frequency distributions, percentages and chi-square respectively. The study found that religion was a significant risk factor rather than a protective factor among persons with SUD in Kenya including some who had already undergone treatment.
Treating Complicated Grief among Orphaned Children in Kenya: Effectiveness of Complicated Grief Therapy
(Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2020) Ngesa, Maureen O.; Tuikong, Sylvia; Ongaro, Kennedy
Complicated Grief (CG) also referred to as complicated bereavement is a clinically significant condition even though there is limited evidence on its prevalence and treatment in Kenya and Africa in general. The main aim of this 2019 study was to test the efficacy of a modified Complicated Grief Therapy (CGT) in treating complicated grief (CG) among orphaned children. A total of 426 orphaned children aged 10 - 15 years were screened using the Brief Grief Questionnaire to sample those with elevated grief scores. Of the 263 who met the criteria, only 241 participants fully participated in the six months study with 123 and 118 participants in the treatment and the control groups respectively. The treatment group was subjected to a shortened version of the CGT (12 weeks) while no treatment was offered to the control group. The prevalence of grief among orphaned children was 66% and using the Inventory for Complicated Grief, to determine the clinical levels, a mean grief score of 31.6 (SD = 9.52) was recorded. The reduced version of CGT was effective in the reduction of complicated grief symptoms t(122) = −15.79, p < 0.001 at a weekly reduction of 1.29 points. In the case of the control group, the paired sample test showed a statistically insignificant reduction of CG score, t(117) = −0.712, p = 0.478. Conclusions: Reducing CGT sessions 12 sessions to make it shorter and less stringent and using it as group therapy in a school setup did not interfere with its effect on the treatment of complicated grief among orphaned children.

Browsing by Author "Ongaro, Kennedy"

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