PEA 406A PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS – FINAL EXAM
JANUARY SEMESTER 2012
Time:                     2 HOURS

Section A 30 marks 	(Answer all the questions in this section) 
1.	In which year was the first peacekeeping mission established and where? (2 Marks) 
A.	1948 – in Kashmir
B.	1949 – in Palestine
C.	1948 – in Palestine
D.	1949 – in Kashmir 

2.	Differentiate between the following terms (4 Marks)
a.	Conflict prevention and Peace enforcement 
b.	Peace-building and Peace-keeping 

3.	Which two organs of the United Nations are mainly responsible for peacekeeping operations and give their specific roles in the operations? (4 Marks)

4.	There are four frameworks within which the UN peacekeeping operations are undertaken. Briefly discuss any three? (9 Marks)

5.	Identify and briefly discuss any three challenges to peacekeeping operations? (9 Marks)

6.	Briefly state the role of regional organizations in Peacekeeping? (2 Marks)

Part B 40 marks (Answer any two questions in this section)

7.	Although not explicitly mentioned in the UN Charter, peacekeeping remains a very important tool in the UN`s mandate of maintaining international peace and security. Discuss the evolution of peacekeeping differentiating between traditional peacekeeping and multidimensional peacekeeping. (20 Marks)

8.	a.) In the Cold War period conflict evolved from inter-state to intra-state conflict.
i.	Differentiate between inter-state and intra-state conflicts (4 Marks)
ii.	Explain the implication of this on peacekeeping (4 Marks)

b.) Briefly discuss four causes of conflict? (12 Marks)

9.	a.) Which of the following is not a traditional peacekeeping role? (2 Marks)
A.	Supervision of a cease-fire 
B.	Interposition as a buffer and confidence-building measure 
C.	Mine action 
D.	Observation, monitoring and reporting 
 
	b.) Explain how legitimacy, credibility, and promotion of national and local ownership 	 	contribute to the success of peacekeeping operations. (9 Marks)
	c.) Discuss the following principles of UN peacekeeping (9 Marks)
i.	Consent of the parties 
ii.	Impartiality 
iii.	Non-use of force except in self defense and defense of the mandate
 
10.	“Peacekeeping operations are not activities conducted independently or in isolation”. Explain this statement using the diagram below. (20 Marks)

CONFLICT PREVENTION

	

POST-CONFLICT PEACEBUILDING PREVENTING RELAPSE TO CONFLICT

PEACE ENFORCEMENT

PEACEMAKING

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ CONFLICT

PEACEMAKING

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ CEASE-FIRE

	POLITICAL PROCESS