ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON THE ENVIRONMENT: A CASE OF ONGATA RONGAI TOWNSHIP IN KAJIADO COUNTY, KENYA By Mwangi W. Victoria A thesis presented to the School of Applied Human Sciences of Daystar University Nairobi, Kenya In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS In Monitoring and Evaluation October 2024 Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy ii DECLARATION ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON THE ENVIRONMENT: A CASE OF ONGATA RONGAI TOWNSHIP IN KAJIADO COUNTY, KENYA This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university or any other award. Signed: ______________________ Date: ______________________ Victoria Wairimu Mwangi 15-1357 We confirm that the work presented in this thesis was carried out by the student under our supervision Sign Date __________________________ __________________________ Name of the supervisor., 1st Supervisor ___________________________ __________________________ Name of the supervisor., 2nd Supervisor Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy iii Copyright © 2024 Victoria Wairimu Mwangi Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy iv APPROVAL ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON THE ENVIRONMENT: A CASE OF ONGATA RONGAI TOWNSHIP IN KAJIADO COUNTY, KENYA by Victoria Wairimu Mwangi 15-1357 In accordance with Daystar University policies, this thesis is accepted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the Master of in Monitoring and Evaluation Sign: Date _____________________________ __________________________ Mary Mogute, PhD HoD, Psychology and Counselling ___________________________ __________________________ Kennedy Ongaro, PhD, Dean, School of Applied Human Sciences Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank the Lord Almighty who has always been my guidance and support. I would like to express my Special regards to my two supervisors Dr. Philemon Yugi and Dr. Gregory Nalianya for the time and effort they have provided, your useful advice and suggestions were helpful to me during the thesis completion. My Sincere appreciation to my family for their continued prayers and support during my studies. Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy vi DEDICATION I dedicate my thesis work to the County Government of Ongata Rongai. A special feeling of gratitude to my family for their support and words of encouragement. My husband, my children Erica, Elsa and Elena have never left my side and are very special. Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ v DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ..................................................................... xii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. xiv CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH PROBLEM........................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Background to the Research ........................................................................................................ 2 Statement of the problem ............................................................................................................ 6 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................................... 8 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................................. 8 Research Questions ..................................................................................................................... 8 Justification of the study ............................................................................................................. 8 Significance of the study ........................................................................................................... 10 Assumptions of the Study ......................................................................................................... 10 Scope of the study ..................................................................................................................... 11 Limitations and Delimitations of the Study .............................................................................. 11 Operational Definition of Terms ............................................................................................... 12 Chapter Summary ...................................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 16 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 16 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 16 Theoretical Review ................................................................................................................... 16 General Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 19 Empirical Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 21 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 24 Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy viii CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 26 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................. 26 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 26 Philosophical Underpinnings .................................................................................................... 26 Research Design ........................................................................................................................ 27 Population of the Study ............................................................................................................. 27 Target Population ...................................................................................................................... 28 Sample Size ............................................................................................................................... 28 Sampling Technique .................................................................................................................. 29 Sampling Criteria ...................................................................................................................... 30 Data Collection Instruments ...................................................................................................... 30 Types of Data ............................................................................................................................ 31 Data Collection Procedures ....................................................................................................... 32 Pretesting of the Research Instrument ....................................................................................... 33 Validity and Reliability ............................................................................................................. 34 Operationalization and measurement of study variables ........................................................... 35 Unit of Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 38 Data Analysis Plan and Data Management ............................................................................... 38 Ethical Considerations............................................................................................................... 39 Chapter Summary ...................................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 41 DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ........................... 41 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 41 Response Rate ........................................................................................................................... 41 Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation ......................................................................... 42 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 57 Environmental Conditions Around Neighbourhood ................................................................. 72 Discussion of Findings .............................................................................................................. 84 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 85 Discussions of Key Findings ..................................................................................................... 85 Summary of Key Findings ........................................................................................................ 92 Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy ix Chapter Summary ...................................................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 95 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................... 95 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 95 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 95 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 97 Areas of Further Studies ............................................................................................................ 99 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 103 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................ 108 Appendix A: Questionnaires to the residents (primary stakeholders) ....................................... 108 Appendix B: Key Informants Interview Schedules ................................................................... 116 Appendix C: FGD Interview Schedules .................................................................................... 123 Appendix D: Ethical Clearance .................................................................................................. 127 Appendix E: Research Authorization Letter ............................................................................... 128 Appendix F: Research permit ..................................................................................................... 129 Appendix G: Plagiarism Report .................................................................................................. 130 Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy x LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Gender of Respondents ................................................................................................................. 43 Table 2: Period Lived in Ongata Rongai .................................................................................................... 43 Table 3: Awareness of Waste Management ............................................................................................... 44 Table 4: State of Solid Waste Collection .................................................................................................... 45 Table 5: Presence of Solid Waste Collection Points ................................................................................... 46 Table 6: Awareness of the Recycling ......................................................................................................... 47 Table 7: Agreement with Solid Waste Recycling ...................................................................................... 48 Table 8: Willingness to Participate in Recycling Programmes ................................................................... 49 Table 9: Effects of Garbage/Trash on Public Health and Environment ...................................................... 50 Table 10: Availability of Information on Waste Management ................................................................... 53 Table 11: Types of Household Waste ........................................................................................................ 58 Table 12: Waste Collection Methods .......................................................................................................... 60 Table 13: Frequency of Waste Disposal ..................................................................................................... 61 Table 14: Waste Disposal Methods ............................................................................................................ 62 Table 15: County Government Involvement ............................................................................................. 64 Table 16: Private Garbage Collection ......................................................................................................... 65 Table 17: Awareness of Environmental Effects of Waste Management .................................................... 69 Table 18: Presence of Waste on on Land, Roads and/or Public Area ......................................................... 69 Table 19: Presence of Wastes in Nearby Rivers ......................................................................................... 70 Table 20: Presence of Waste in Drainages .................................................................................................. 71 Table 21: Burning of Wastes in Public Area .............................................................................................. 72 Table 22: Presence of the Following, in or Around your Neighbourhood .................................................. 73 Table 23: Environmental Conditions Around Public Waste Dumping Area .............................................. 74 Table 24: Most Severe Environmental Problem . ....................................................................................... 76 Table 25: Types of Waste is Affecting Ongata Rongai .............................................................................. 77 Table 26: Concerns on Pollution Air Pollution, Land Pollution and Water Pollution ................................ 78 Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Operationalization and Measurement of Study Variables Matrix ............................................... 42 Figure 2: Age of the Respondents ............................................................................................................... 43 Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS APHRC African Population & Health Research Centre CBOS Community-Based Organizations EAC East Africa Community EMCA Environmental Management Coordination Act ESIA Environmental Social Impact Assessment FG Focus Group FGD Focus Group Discussion GNI Gross National Income GPOBA Global Partnership On Output-Based Aid ILCM Integrated Life Cycle Management ISWA International Solid Waste Association ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KEWASNET Kenya Water And Sanitation Network KII Key Informant Interviews MDPI Multi Disciplinary Digital Publishing Institute METAP Mediterranean Region MORI Market & Opinon Research International MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management NACOSTI National Commission For Science, Technology & Innovation NCBI National Centre For Biotechnology Information NCC Nairobi City Council Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy https://www.gpoba.org/ http://www.iswa.org/ xiii NEMA National Environment Management Authority OCC Olekajiado County Council OREHI Ongata Rongai Environmental Health Initiative PPPS 3R Public-Private Partnerships Reduce, Reuse, Recycle SPSS Statistical Package For The Social Sciences SWM Solid Waste Management UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNEPA United Nations Program Agency UNESCWA United Nations Economic And Social Commission For Western Asia UN HABITAT United Nation’s Human Settlements Programme UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency WDA Waste Disposal Authorities WHO World Health Organization Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency xiv ABSTRACT Waste management practices significantly influence the environment, either promoting sustainability or contributing to environmental degradation. This study assessed the waste management practices in Ongata Rongai, Kajiado County, Kenya, with a focus on evaluating residents' knowledge, practices, environmental impacts, and proposing strategies for improvement. The study aimed to: assess waste management knowledge among Ongata Rongai residents, determine the waste management practices employed, evaluate the effects of these practices on the environment, and recommend strategies to enhance waste management in the township. A descriptive survey research design was employed, targeting adult residents of Kware sub-ward. Simple random sampling was used to select respondents, and data was collected through structured questionnaires and interviews, then analyzed using SPSS version 23. The study revealed 75.3% of respondents had some knowledge of waste management practices. However, 66.8% felt that there was insufficient public information available, indicating gaps in awareness campaigns. In terms of waste management practices, 42.6% of respondents rated the current state of waste collection as fair, while 37.4% deemed it inadequate, citing inconsistent waste collection schedules, limited infrastructure, and lack of adequate disposal options. The majority (86.5%) expressed willingness to participate in recycling programs if established, highlighting potential community engagement in sustainable waste practices. Despite this willingness, the study identified a gap between knowledge and action, with 95.1% of respondents recognizing the environmental risks of poor waste management, including pollution, disease transmission, and habitat destruction. Conclusions drawn from the study indicate that while residents possess moderate knowledge of waste management, the lack of adequate infrastructure and public education campaigns hinders effective waste management practices. The findings highlight that the current waste management systems are not sufficient to mitigate environmental degradation in Ongata Rongai. In particular, the irregularity in county waste collection services, combined with inadequate waste disposal facilities, exacerbates environmental problems such as the accumulation of waste in public areas and contamination of rivers. The study recommends urgent investment in waste management infrastructure by the County Government of Kajiado, including the provision of additional waste bins and proper disposal facilities. A more integrated waste management system that fosters collaboration between the county government and private waste collectors is essential to improving service delivery. Public education campaigns must also be intensified to increase awareness of proper waste disposal practices, with a strong focus on recycling and the environmental impacts of poor waste management. Establishing community-led recycling programs is also recommended as a means to engage residents and promote sustainability. For future research, the study suggests a comparative analysis of waste management practices in similar urban settings to identify best practices that can be adapted to the context of Ongata Rongai. Additionally, more research is needed to explore the correlation between waste accumulation and public health outcomes, particularly focusing on diseases linked to poor waste management practices. Investigating the impact of socioeconomic factors on waste management behaviors will also provide insights for tailoring community engagement strategies. Further studies could also examine the potential for technological innovations, such as smart waste collection systems, to improve efficiency in waste management. By addressing the highlighted gaps and implementing the recommended strategies, Ongata Rongai can significantly reduce the environmental impact of poor waste management practices, foster a culture of sustainability, and improve the health and well-being of residents. Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH PROBLEM Introduction Waste management poses a significant challenge in urban areas worldwide, persisting despite numerous forums convened to address it (Ferronatto, 2019). Waste, a byproduct of human activities, necessitates a comprehensive understanding of waste management issues for the success of any waste management plan (NCBI, 2019). While the concept of managing waste to protect health and the environment is relatively new, particularly in rapidly growing urban centers in developing countries, it has become increasingly crucial (MDPI, 2021). Effective waste management programs require not only appropriate legislation, technical expertise, and financial support but also public awareness and participation. The rapid growth of urban populations exacerbates the strain on sanitation and solid waste management infrastructure, especially in already fragile or overburdened systems in the developing world (UN Habitat, 2021). Collaborative efforts among stakeholders at global and local levels are essential for advocacy, project implementation, and raising awareness of urbanization to ensure environmental sustainability (UN Habitat, 2021). Environmental sustainability entails preserving valued qualities in the physical environment to sustain human life (Mensah, 2019). This includes maintaining clean water and air, a suitable climate, renewable resources such as water and timber, societal functioning despite resource depletion, and overall quality of life and environmental aesthetics (Sutton, 2017). Urban populations significantly impact their environment through consumption habits, which, in turn, affect their health and quality of life. Environmentally sound waste management should address Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 2 not only safe disposal or recovery of wastes but also unsustainable patterns of production and consumption. In this context, this chapter introduces the study's topic, providing background information, identifying the research problem, stating the purpose and objectives, and formulating research questions. Additionally, it outlines the justification and significance of the study, defines the study's scope, and discusses assumptions, limitations, and delimitations. Background to the Research Urban areas emerge because of urbanization and are categorized based on urban morphology, encompassing cities, towns, conurbations, or suburbs. Over the past decades, the global urban population has experienced remarkable growth, the global urban population has increased from 30% in 1950 to 55% in 2018, and it is projected to reach 68% by 2050 (United Nations, 2020). Predictions suggest that by the end of 2028, half of the world's population would reside in urban areas, with estimates indicating that by 2050, 64.1% and 85.9% of the developing and developed world respectively was urbanized. The urban environment plays a significant role in shaping the quality of life and overall environmental health. Urban areas face various challenges, including inadequate water and sanitation facilities, ineffective waste management systems, and industrial pollution (UN, 2020). These environmental issues pose health risks, leading to respiratory infections and other infectious diseases (WHO, 2021). However, it is crucial to recognize that environmental conditions and health challenges differ across various urban areas (Flies, 2019). Environmental degradation poses a greater concern for human health today compared to past decades. As the environment evolves, there is a growing need to raise awareness about associated problems. Natural disasters, climate fluctuations, and changing weather patterns Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 3 underscore the necessity for understanding environmental issues (Sutton, 2017). Fundamental human needs like clean water, air, and safe food are threatened by inadequate waste management practices. Initiatives in waste management offer significant opportunities to mitigate environmental contamination caused by solid waste. Achieving environmental sustainability hinges on widespread public awareness. A well-informed populace is crucial for expediting progress toward sustainability; without it, significant change is unlikely (Menlick, 2018). Many people in developing countries view waste as a burdensome problem that requires attention. However, acknowledging waste as a problem does not necessarily deter littering or other negative waste management behaviors (Salvia, 2021). This attitude-behavior gap is influenced by factors such as convenience, social norms, lack of public engagement, and insufficient education on effective waste management practices (Ouma, 2021). Within this gap exists an inconsistency between individuals' values and actions regarding environmental concerns posed by household waste (Ouma, 2021). Community participation is crucial for the successful development of solid waste projects, particularly in designing and implementing facilities (World Bank, 2019). In developing countries, a significant portion of the budget allocated for waste management remains underutilized, indicating inefficiencies in resource allocation (World Bank, 2019). Intervention programs must be grounded in the local context to avoid collapse. In the United Kingdom, various intervention programs, including household waste prevention initiatives, have been implemented (Oluwadipe, 2022). A report by the MORI Social Research Institute highlights the public's lack of awareness as a fundamental barrier to waste management. While the public supports recycling, re-use, and composting, there is a negative perception of landfill. This perception affects waste minimization efforts, as people may not Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 4 prioritize reducing packaging if recycling is readily available. Additionally, the public often feels powerless in influencing waste management practices (Mori, 2018). Internationally, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is responsible for overseeing various waste issues within the United States. According to USEPA's principles, individuals and communities assign values that explicitly or implicitly reflect their concerns and place positive or negative value on changes affecting their well-being. Several US states have enacted laws establishing localized public participation through city or state governments (USEPA, 2019). Ecology and environmental management are increasingly integrated into school curricula in countries like Australia, Japan, and New Zealand. Industrialized nations regularly conduct campaigns to promote environmental sustainability. For instance, "Clean up Australia Day" has evolved into the "Clean up the World" movement, one of the largest community-based environmental programs globally. This movement brings together community groups, schools, businesses, and local governments to address local environmental issues by providing expertise, support, and guidance (UNEP, 2019). In Korea, waste management education has been provided since 2000, including online courses for field workers of small and medium-sized businesses and a 12-week course on waste management. The government also disseminates success stories in waste management through the media (UN, 2021). When Malaysia initiated a national cleanliness program, the Ministry of Housing and Local Government adopted the slogan "When the public is clean, the nation was healthy," which some found puzzling, suggesting that cleanliness was solely the government's responsibility (UNEP, 2019). Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 5 In Africa, there is a prevalent attitude that waste management is solely the government's responsibility. For instance, in Ghana, despite the presence of bins in some areas, people still indiscriminately dump waste, only to later complain about the filth. Some even believe that refraining from indiscriminate dumping would leave waste management companies with no work (Ferronato, 2019). Morocco stands out as the only African country with a national policy recognizing the informal sector's role in waste collection and authorizing it to collect recyclables (World Bank, 2021). The East Africa Community has developed a regional policy called the East Africa Community Waste Management Strategy and Action Plan, focusing on waste reduction, recycling, collaboration, capacity building, and sharing best practices to address the rapid urbanization in the region. However, the current solid waste management situation in East African countries lacks proper infrastructure for garbage management beyond daily collection, disposal, and landfilling, largely due to unplanned urbanization (Manteaw & Boachie, 2019). In Kenya, uncontrolled urbanization, like in many developing countries, has exerted pressure on suburban towns and other counties in the greater Nairobi Region, endangering lives and threatening local businesses. Kajiado County towns including Kitengela, Ongata Rongai and Ngong were among the towns lined up to benefit from the kshs. 27 billion World Bank funded Nairobi metropolitan programme that was aimed at improving the infrastructure, hygiene and public health. The county government has been relying on the hope that through the Nairobi metropolis programme the said project will come to pass in order to uplift the standards of the towns. The primary development of Ongata Rongai Township occurs along a singular, narrow thoroughfare (Magadi Road), which accommodates over 300,000 inhabitants of Ongata Rongai and Kiserian. The alternative roadways Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 6 in the bustling commercial districts are littered with trash. Unchecked livestock husbandry and settlements are creeping onto and contaminating the Mbagathi River,” (Daily Nation, 2020). Statement of the problem The worldwide generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) reaches 2.01 billion tonnes annually, and roughly 33 percent of this waste is managed unsustainably. On average, each person globally produces 0.74 kilograms of waste per day, with significant variability ranging from 0.11 to 4.54 kilograms per person per day. Notably, despite constituting only 16 percent of the global population, high-income countries generate around 34 percent (683 million tonnes) of the world's waste (World Bank, 2021). Projections suggest that waste generation in high-income countries will rise by 19 percent by 2050, while low- and middle-income countries are expected to see an increase of over 40 percent. Waste generation typically declines at the lowest income levels and then accelerates at a higher rate with incremental income changes compared to high-income levels (World Bank, 2019). As per the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) report of 2022, the volume of waste generated in low-income countries is expected to triple by 2050. The East Asia and Pacific region contribute to 23 percent of global waste generation, while the Middle East and North Africa region produce the least, accounting for only 6 percent. However, Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East and North Africa are witnessing the most rapid growth in waste generation, with projections indicating a more than tripling, doubling, and doubling of waste generation respectively by 2050 (UN Habitat, 2021). Effective waste collection plays a crucial role in waste management, but collection rates vary significantly based on income levels. Upper-middle- and high-income countries typically offer nearly universal waste collection, while low-income countries collect only about 48 percent Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 7 of waste in urban areas and 26 percent outside of urban areas. Sub-Saharan Africa manages to collect approximately 44 percent of waste, whereas Europe and Central Asia, as well as North America, collect over 90 percent (UNEP, 2019).In Africa, waste generation is projected to triple from 174 million tonnes in 2016 to approximately 516 million tonnes per year by 2050, with a current average waste collection rate of about 55 percent. However, over 90 percent of Africa's waste is disposed of in uncontrolled dumpsites and landfills, often leading to open burning. Additionally, Sub-Saharan Africa hosts 19 of the world's 50 largest dumpsites, exacerbating environmental and health risks (AUDA-NEPAD, 2019). Managing municipal solid waste (MSW) sustainably remains a significant challenge for many African cities, with waste generation rates expected to increase threefold. Sub-Saharan Africa is projected to be the world's fastest-growing region for waste by 2050, further compounded by poorly planned urbanization (MDPI, 2019; Aryampa, 2019). In Kenya, between 3,000 to 4,000 tons of waste are generated daily, with the majority originating from urban areas. Nairobi, the capital city, produces an estimated 2,400 tons of solid waste per day, with 20 percent being plastic waste. Inadequate waste management practices and increasing urbanization pose significant environmental risks to the city's 4.4 million residents (World Bank, 2021). Over the past five years, rapid development activities in key towns within Kajiado County, such as Kitengela, Ongata Rongai, Kiserian, and Ngong, have exacerbated waste disposal challenges due to their proximity to Nairobi. The county, home to over 240,000 residents, has struggled to effectively address the resulting waste management issues, impacting both land use and public health (KIPPRA, 2018; KENPRO, 2019). Current environmental problems in Ongata Rongai demand urgent attention, and unless addressed prudently and seriously, the township faces Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 8 disaster. Therefore, this research aims to assess the effects of waste management practices on the environment of Ongata Rongai Township in Kajiado County. Purpose of the Study The purpose of the proposed study was to assess the effects of waste management practices on the environment, a case of Ongata Rongai Township located in Kajiado County. Objectives of the Study 1. Assess waste management knowledge among Ongata Rongai residents. 2. Determine the waste management practices employed by Ongata Rongai residents. 3. Evaluate the effects of waste management practices on the environment in Ongata Rongai. 4. To recommend strategies to improve waste management practices for Ongata Rongai residents. Research Questions 1. What is the level of knowledge on waste management among the residents of Ongata Rongai residents? 2. What are the waste management practices employed by the residents of Ongata Rongai? 3. What are the effects of waste management practices on the environment in Ongata Rongai? 4. What are the strategies to improve waste management in Ongata Rongai residents? Justification of the study Urbanization contributes to a marked increase in waste generation, placing substantial strain on existing waste management systems (UNEP, 2022). As approximately 40% of global population growth occurs in urban areas, the resultant socio-economic disparities exacerbate the prevalence Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 9 of unsanitary conditions, thereby facilitating the spread of diseases (WHO, 2021). Neglected municipal solid waste presents profound health hazards to residents, notably manifesting in waterborne diseases that contribute to elevated mortality rates (APHRC, 2021) In Kenya, The inefficiency of waste collection systems, coupled with environmentally unsustainable disposal practices, aggravates the situation. Consequently, solid waste in urban areas often remains uncollected, leading to hazardous practices such as burning or indiscriminate dumping in landfills, which complicate efforts toward sustainable waste management (UNEP, 2022). Despite the existence of a sanitation policy in Nairobi—such as the Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Policy of 2007—that acknowledges the roles of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community-based organizations (CBOs), and the Kenya Water and Sanitation Network (KEWASNET), collaboration in service delivery frequently falls short. According to the Ongata Rongai Environmental Health Initiative (OREHI, 2019), the absence of a sewer system and the deteriorating condition of drainage systems due to garbage accumulation poses a looming crisis for Ongata Rongai if prompt action is not taken. While various efforts have been initiated to mitigate these challenges, there remains an urgent need for collaborative and sustainable development strategies that integrate public awareness into waste management practices. Failure to address these issues could overwhelm the township with waste, leading to catastrophic consequences for both public health and the environment. This proposed study aims to comprehensively assess residents' knowledge of waste management practices in Ongata Rongai, identify the specific waste management methods currently employed by residents, evaluate the environmental and health impacts of these practices, Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 10 and explore innovative waste management approaches informed by the research findings. Such an inquiry is not only timely but essential for developing effective interventions that enhance community engagement and improve waste management outcomes in this rapidly urbanizing region. Significance of the study The results of this study will be useful to the Kenya national government in the formulation of policy on waste management. The policy makers and regulators can use the findings as reference for policy guidelines on public awareness and waste management practices and control. The county government of Kajiado will find this study useful since it has exposed the current waste management practices among the residents of Ongata Rongai. This will enable them formulate strategies to control the waste management situation among the citizens that they govern. The findings will also be a guide to development and environmental agencies involved in environmental sustainability in formulating strategies to address waste management practices. Innovative strategies from the research findings may be used as the basis for review of waste management practices across urban towns in Kenya on the challenges they face as they address environmental degradation. Finally, the findings of the study will contribute to the body of knowledge of environment science and sustainable development. Assumptions of the Study The study assumed that; residents of Ongata Rongai are willing to provide accurate and honest information regarding their knowledge of waste management practices, personal experiences, and perceptions of the associated environmental impacts. This assumption is essential, as the quality Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 11 of the data collected directly influences the study’s findings and the development of effective recommendations. Secondly, the study assumed that the county government of Ongata Rongai will cooperate in providing access to relevant information, resources, and necessary approvals for conducting the research. This collaboration was vital for ensuring compliance with ethical standards and local regulations. It is expected that the county government will recognize the significance of the study's objectives and support efforts to improve waste management strategies within the township. Scope of the study The research was carried out in Ongata Rongai Township situated in Nkaimurunya ward, of Kajiado North Constituency in Kajiado County for a period of two months. The research entailed seeking information from the residents of Ongata Rongai and acquiring information, knowledge and expertise from key stakeholders such as the Ministry of Environmental and Natural Resources, National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), OlooLaiser Water and Sewerage Company, academic fraternity and the County government of Ongata Rongai. Limitations and Delimitations of the Study The study focused on a small geographic area, which could limit the generalizability of the findings to broader contexts. To mitigate this limitation, a representative sample of the target population was carefully selected to ensure that the results adequately reflect the diversity of experiences and perspectives within the community. Another limitation encountered during the research process was the resistance from certain stakeholders, due to their preoccupation with business activities. To address this challenge, trained Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 12 personnel were employed to articulate the research's objectives and significance clearly to stakeholders. This approach aimed to enhance their understanding and encourage their participation. Additionally, the researcher scheduled appointments with respondents in advance to ensure their availability for interviews. Finally, the study faced potential bias from respondents who were reluctant to share information regarding current waste management practices. To minimize this risk, an experienced research team was engaged to explain the purpose of the research comprehensively before conducting interviews. Furthermore, an observation technique was employed to supplement self- reported data, thereby enhancing the reliability of the information collected. Operational Definition of Terms Urbanization: Urbanization refers to the process in which towns and cities grow larger as more people start living and working in central areas. Currently, more than half of the global population resides in urban areas, and urbanization is a trend observed across virtually all countries, reshaping human settlement patterns and significantly impacting living conditions, the environment, and development worldwide (United Nations, 2021). In this study, urbanization will specifically denote the rapid expansion of urban towns. Urban towns: An urban area encompasses the region surrounding a city and can include towns, cities, and suburbs. Urban areas are characterized by high development levels, with a concentration of human structures such as residential and commercial buildings, roads, bridges, and railways (National Geographic, 2022). For the purposes of this research, urban towns will refer to townships and swiftly growing areas located outside major cities and towns in Kenya. Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 13 Waste: Waste means items or products which are regarded as useless, unsatisfactory, or which have outlived their usefulness or have been used once or in the first instance. Some of them are the municipal solid waste, which is also known as household trash or refuse; the hazardous waste; the wastewaters, which are sewage containing the bodily wastes or surface runoff water; radioactive wastes and others. The waste is defined, based on the Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC European Union, as any object which holder gets rid of, wants to get rid of or is required to get rid of. Waste in this study will refer to any material that is let out into the environment. Waste management: Waste management refers to the process of collection, transport, processing and disposal of waste from when the waste is generated till the end product disposal. This pertains to gathering, moving, processing and removing waste, controlling and inspecting systems and enacting Laws. In addition, waste management encompasses the lawful and recommended procedures that are used in waste disposal together with policies on recycles (Conserve Energy Future, 2017). Environmental awareness: Environmental awareness refers to understanding the fragility of the environment and recognizing the importance of its preservation to ensure a better future. A well-informed populace advocates for improved performance by both public and private sectors, thereby promoting rational, equitable, and environmentally sustainable practices (Menlick, 2018). In this study, environmental awareness will emphasize the necessity and responsibility of individuals to respect, protect, and conserve the natural world from degradation. Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 14 Environmental degradation: Environmental degradation means the process through which deterioration takes place resulting from loss of valuable resources like air, water, soil, destruction of forests and wildlife. It includes any unfavourable alteration or interference with the environment (UNESCWA, 2022). For the purposes of this research, environmental degradation means the negative alteration of the environment due to process of urbanization. Environmental sustainability: Environmental sustainability refers to the ability to maintain renewable resource harvest rates, minimize pollution, and prevent depletion of non- renewable resources indefinitely. It involves development practices that meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own (Stevens, 2018). For this study, environmental sustainability will denote the achievement of current needs without causing harm to the environment or exhausting natural resources. Urban towns: An urban area encompasses the vicinity surrounding a city, including towns, cities, and suburbs (National Geographic, 2022). Urban areas are characterized by significant development, marked by a high density of human structures such as residences, commercial establishments, roads, bridges, and railways. In the context of this study, the term "urban towns" will specifically denote townships and rapidly expanding regions situated outside major cities and towns in Kenya. Chapter Summary This chapter looked at the effect of waste management practices on environmental degradation of urban towns and gave an overview of Ongata Rongai Township in Kajiado County in Kenya. The researcher further outlined the research purpose and clearly stated the objectives and research Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 15 questions. The research justification, scope, significance and assumptions were also highlighted as well as the limitations and delimitations. The chapter was concluded with a summary of key terms. Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 16 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction This chapter is a detailed review of available theoretical and empirical literature on waste management practices on environmental sustainability of rapidly growing urban towns, urbanization and its implications on social effects in the environment to gain insights from existing theories and authors, on the subject. The researcher used these findings to establish knowledge of waste management practices on the environment, analyse waste management practices employed and how they affect the environment and thereafter make recommendations of best applicable strategies of waste management practices based on research findings. The theoretical framework summarized the relationship between the independent and dependent variables in the study, while the conceptual framework was used to model this relationship. Theoretical Review A theoretical framework comprises concepts, along with their definitions, and existing theories utilized for a specific study. Theories are developed to elucidate, predict, and comprehend phenomena under investigation (Mugenda, 2019). This study adopted the Health Belief Model (HBM), deemed most suitable for informing this research. The Health Belief Model (HBM) The Health Belief Model also known as HBM is a psychological model whose main purpose is to explain and to predict behaviours that are related to health (Jones, 2019). This model describes several important theoretical variables regarding health behaviors such as perceived risk or vulnerability for an illness or disease, perceived threat or severity of the consequences, Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 17 perceived benefits from acting, perceived recalcitrance of barriers to action and exposure to some of the conditioning factors that may trigger change in behaviours. Deriving from Hochbaum and Rosenstock in 1952 the HBM describes attitudes toward health, perceived reason to act, inertia to act and perceived competence to act as determinants of health behavior. In the view of the Health Belief Model, if perceived threat is high, and personal threat rating is high and perceived benefit for action is higher than the cost of action then people take preventive action against certain health threats (Boskey, 2023). Therefore, the model stresses that to prevent/modify an individual’s behaviour, it is most useful to target his/her perceptions in the domain of susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy. According to Rimer & Glanz (2008), there might be practices which are based on this model of analysis may include assessment of risks, formulation of prognosis, counselling and availing of knowledge. The following illustration highlights the dynamics of the HBM whose relevance comes from its ability to explain the level of perception of people towards certain-health behaviors. Figure 2.1: HBM Theory, Source (Benedetti & Laureti, 2017) Understanding and influencing consumers' daily behaviors is crucial for advancing environmental sustainability. Consumers' routine actions in selecting, using, and disposing of products significantly impact environmental sustainability (Benedetti & Laureti, 2017). Moser Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 18 (2019) highlights the importance of pro-environmental consumer behavior, emphasizing consumers' moral obligation to act for the benefit of others. According to this perspective, promoting health-motivated behavior requires consumers to be aware of the consequences of their actions, including perceived threats (severity/susceptibility), perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and a sense of responsibility for their actions. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of waste management practices in promoting good waste management behaviors among residents of Ongata Rongai, utilizing health promotion theories. By focusing on the principles of the Health Belief Model and assessing knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among residents, this research seeks to address existing gaps in understanding. Specifically, the study investigated residents' knowledge of waste management, as well as their practices related to waste collection and disposal, and their impacts on both the environment and personal health. The findings of this study, analyzed through the lens of the Health Belief Model (HBM), elucidate the significant influence of residents' perceptions on their waste management behaviors in Ongata Rongai. A notable 95.1% of respondents acknowledged the adverse effects of waste management practices on public health, indicating a pronounced awareness of both perceived threat and susceptibility to health risks associated with improper waste disposal. This heightened awareness reflects a critical component of the HBM, which posits that recognition of potential harm is integral to motivating preventive action. Despite this awareness, barriers to effective waste management practices emerged prominently in the data. Many residents cited infrastructural inadequacies, limited access to educational resources, and socio-economic constraints as significant impediments to adopting Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 19 sustainable waste practices. This observation aligns with the HBM's assertion that perceived barriers must be addressed to facilitate behavior change. Furthermore, a prevailing sense of low self-efficacy among residents suggested that they often felt ill-equipped to engage in effective waste management practices independently. This underscores the importance of enhancing residents’ confidence in their abilities to contribute positively to waste management efforts. General Literature Review Urban living has become a defining aspect of contemporary human ecology, marked by the proliferation and expansion of cities globally over the last two centuries (Oxford University Press). While cities are centers of innovation, technology, and economic development, they also grapple with issues such as poverty, inequality, and environmental hazards (UN Habitat, 2022). Understanding the complexities of urban environments, which result from both global environmental shifts and local transformations, requires an interdisciplinary approach known as urban ecology. This field merges natural and social sciences to analyze how altered local environments impact broader regional and global systems (Grimm et al., 2018). Consequently, cities are both the source of sustainability challenges and potential solutions to address them, underscoring the importance of engaging the public at all levels to tackle urban environmental disparities effectively. The notion of sustainable development, as articulated by the World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987, underscores the importance of fulfilling current needs without jeopardizing the capability of future generations to meet their own needs. Attaining sustainable urban development requires cooperation among governments, the private sector, and the public to cultivate communities capable of sustainable flourishing (Environmental Issues of the UN Conference on Environment and Development, June 1992). Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 20 Effective waste management requires active involvement from the public, prioritization, and increased resource allocation. Policies must integrate awareness-raising activities for both the public and decision-makers, with a focus on long-term goals. Once public and decision-makers' interests are aligned towards improving solid waste management, sustainable practices can be significantly enhanced (UNEPA, 2023). Solid waste management poses significant environmental and health challenges globally, especially as urban populations rise, and consumption patterns evolve. Poor waste management leads to environmental degradation, health risks, and economic losses, emphasizing the urgent need for improved waste management practices (WHO, 2021). As urbanization continues to accelerate, particularly in developing countries, addressing environmental and social risk factors such as pollution and physical inactivity becomes paramount (UN Habitat, 2020). Community involvement in waste management initiatives directly impacts effectiveness. Participation is influenced by social pressures, environmental awareness, attitudes, and economic incentives. Successful waste management projects necessitate community participation in design and implementation for long-term sustainability (World Bank, 2019). The attitude-behaviour gap regarding waste management highlights the need for greater public awareness and education. Factors such as convenience, social norms, and lack of education contribute to this gap, necessitating comprehensive strategies to bridge it (O’Connell, 2022). China's rapid urbanization poses significant public health challenges, including pollution-related diseases and traffic accidents. Addressing these challenges requires innovative policies and research to understand urban population exposures (Lancet, 2018). Many regions and countries have set targets for waste recycling and diversion from landfills. Achieving these targets requires reliable data on waste composition to inform effective Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 21 strategies (Ali, 2019). Kenya has enacted laws and policies, such as the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1999, to safeguard the environment for present and future generations. These initiatives align with the constitutional rights to a clean and healthy environment, emphasizing the importance of sustainable development (Kenyan Vision 2030; Constitution of Kenya). In response to environmental challenges, Kenya has implemented policies like the Environmental Management Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1999 to safeguard the environment for present and future generations (Kenyan Vision 2030). However, challenges persist, including inadequate waste disposal facilities and the spread of waterborne diseases (Entrepreneurs Toolkit, 2019). Nairobi, for example, faces significant solid waste management issues, characterized by low collection coverage and inefficient services (Kimani, 2021; UNEP, 2021). Empirical Literature Review Understanding waste management involves a spectrum of factors encompassing public awareness, attitudes, and practices concerning waste (Wu, 2021). Community engagement in the design and operation of solid waste projects is crucial for their sustainability (World Bank, 2019). In many developing countries, despite significant budget allocations toward solid waste management, a substantial portion of waste remains uncollected due to ineffective resource utilization (Saungweme, 2017; World Bank, 2021). Implementing waste management strategies must begin with establishing a baseline and fostering community involvement (Waste Disposal Authorities' Strategy for England 2007-2011). Research indicates that public knowledge and awareness significantly influence waste management outcomes, emphasizing the importance of education and awareness campaigns (Waste Disposal Authorities' Strategy for England 2007-2011). Challenges persist in India Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 22 regarding data availability and awareness, with municipalities struggling due to inadequate infrastructure and technical expertise (Sujauddin et al., 2008; Guerrero et al., 2017). Effective waste management in developing countries requires the involvement of government stakeholders, formal and informal sectors, and comprehensive public engagement (Rajendiran et al., 2017). In rapidly growing urban areas of developing countries, the lack of educational programs exacerbates waste management challenges, highlighting the need for professional intervention (Debrah, 2022). A proposed study aims to assess waste management knowledge and awareness among Ongata Rongai residents. The volume of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated globally is expected to increase significantly by 2025, particularly in South and East Asia (World Bank, 2019, 2021). Africa faces a doubling of waste generation by 2025, with inadequate waste collection services and widespread disposal in uncontrolled dumpsites (UNDP, 2022). Despite the socio-economic opportunities presented by organic waste, recycling rates in Africa remain low, with informal waste pickers playing a significant role in resource recovery (UNDP, 2022). Development Policy Loans in Morocco have led to improvements in waste management practices and the inclusion of informal workers (World Bank, 2017). Waste management practices vary across income levels, with landfills being the predominant disposal method in both low-income and upper middle-income countries (Ferronato, 2019). This study aims to investigate the waste management practices employed by residents of Ongata Rongai. The impact of waste management practices on the environment is evident in various regions, highlighting the need for effective solutions. In Malaysia, the escalating waste generation, fuelled by population growth and modern lifestyles, exacerbates environmental issues. Improper disposal habits contribute to littering, drainage blockages, and flooding, underscoring Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 23 the urgency of addressing solid waste management (Intech Open, 2018). Similarly, in Zimbabwe, a lack of awareness about waste management regulations leads to environmental degradation in communities like Mbare, Harare (Saungweme, 2019). Recognizing the importance of public awareness and community involvement, organizations like the World Bank and UNICEF have advocated for enhanced waste management practices worldwide (METAP, 2005; Dias, 2018). Despite these efforts, waste generation rates continue to rise globally, with developing countries bearing a disproportionate burden due to inadequate waste management infrastructure (World Bank, 2022; Siddiqua, 2022). Research conducted in Nairobi and Mombasa revealed varying levels of waste management awareness and practices among residents, highlighting the need for tailored interventions (UNEP, 2021). As populations continue to grow, regions like Rongai Township in Kajiado County must adopt innovative waste management approaches to mitigate environmental degradation (Kajiado District, 2018). Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) and Integrated Local Climate Management (ILCM) strategies offer promising avenues for sustainable waste management in rapidly developing areas like Kajiado County (Kajiado County Integrated Development Plans, 2013-2017; 2018-2022). The socioeconomic context of regions like Kajiado County underscores the intertwined nature of poverty reduction and environmental sustainability. With a high poverty rate and rapid population growth, innovative waste management practices are essential for addressing cross- cutting development issues while preserving the environment (Kajiado County Integrated Development Plans, 2013-2017; 2018-2022). Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 24 Conceptual Framework Conceptual framework is defined as a brief characterization of the research phenomenon of interest, and it is illustrated by a diagram or graphic representation of the principal variables in the research study (Mugenda, 2019). The conceptual framework in this envisaged research is as follows. Figure 2.2: Conceptual Framework, Source Author, (2024) Discussion Mugenda (2019) defines a variable as an attribute that varies in terms of value, within units of a given population type. The author defined an independent variable as one that is altered purposefully in order to discover the impact or effect upon another variable, whilst a dependent variable is defined as a variable that is affected or changed, by the operations conducted on another variable. She also pointed that intervening variables are aspects to introduce in order to achieve a positive dependent variable. The Independent variables include Waste Management Practices employed in waste collection and waste disposal that had direct implications on the environment. The dependent (INDEPENDENT VARIABLE) Waste Management Practices • Waste Collection • Waste Disposal (INTERVENING VARABLE) • Policies • Knowledge • Infrastructure (DEPENDENT VARIABLE) Effect on Environment • Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Diseases • Drainage Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 25 variables include air pollution, water pollution and diseases. If residents have knowledge of waste management practices coupled with policies and the right infrastructure, it will enhance a sense of responsibility, obligation and teamwork as well as the involvement of the local government and leaders. The arrows show the link between the independent variables, intervening variables and the dependent variables. Chapter Summary This chapter provided a summary of the literature reviewed, which presented perspectives of other authors on waste management practices on environmental degradation. The researcher addressed the issue of knowledge of waste management, waste management practices employed in urban towns and how the waste practices affect the environment of rapidly growing urban towns. Effects of rapid urbanization and how waste management practices affect environmental sustainability at global, regional and local levels was also reviewed. The conceptual framework clearly identified the component of the independent, intervening and dependent variables and their relationship. Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 26 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Introduction According to Mugenda (2019) research methodology are the techniques that are used for the collection, measurement and analysis of data during the process of research. According to Kombo and Tromp (2018), research methodology ensures that the research process is clearly detailed and makes sense. It also ensures that the research design is thoroughly planned in order to enhance the research process by ensuring that the data collection and analysis process is productive. In this chapter, the design and setting of the study, population and target population of the study, sample size, sampling procedure, data collection instruments, type of data, data collection process, pilot testing, data analysis, and ethical consideration of the study was described. Philosophical Underpinnings The philosophical underpinnings of this study on waste management practices in Ongata Rongai were grounded in pragmatic epistemology, constructivist ontology, and a commitment to ethical values. According to Raghu and Rodriguez (2020), Pragmatism emphasizes that knowledge is dynamic and derived from practical engagement, integrating both qualitative and quantitative methods to capture residents' experiences and attitudes toward waste management. Constructivist ontology recognizes that the reality of waste management is shaped by the social and cultural contexts of the community, allowing for diverse perspectives to inform the study (Seamon & Gill, 2016). Furthermore, the research prioritized ethical considerations, emphasizing community engagement and environmental stewardship. By valuing the voices of residents and focusing on Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 27 practical solutions, the study aimed to identify effective waste management strategies that address environmental degradation and promote public health. Research Design Kothari (2018) emphasizes that research design entails organizing the conditions for data collection and analysis in a manner that balances relevance to the research purpose with efficiency in procedure. A well-designed research plan is essential as it streamlines various research operations, optimizing efficiency by extracting maximum information with minimal effort and resources. The proposed study adopts a descriptive research design, which is commonly employed to ascertain the characteristics of a population or specific phenomenon. Descriptive designs aim to identify patterns within a group's attributes (Mugenda, 2019). As described by Kombo and Tromp (2019), a descriptive design involves gathering information through interviews or questionnaires administered to a sample of individuals. It is particularly useful for exploring people's attitudes, opinions, habits, or various educational and social issues. In this study, the researcher collected data from residents of Ongata Rongai and key informants to assess the impact of waste management knowledge on the local environment. Population of the Study Population, as defined by Mugenda and Mugenda (2019), refers to the entire group sharing common observable characteristics. The research focused on the residents of Ongata Rongai, located in the Kajiado North Sub County of Kajiado County, Kenya. According to the 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census, Ongata Rongai comprised 82,983 households (2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census: Volume II, Page 174). Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 28 Table 1: No. of Households in Ongata Rongai Sub wards, Source: Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume 11, 2019 Sub Wards No of Households Kandisi 7,728.00 Lower Nkoroi 3,963.00 Nkaimurunya 19,461.00 Kware 9,136.00 Olekasasi 5,157.00 Ongata Rongai 30,462.00 Laiserhill 7,076.00 Total 82,983.00 Target Population Kothari (2018) describe a target population as a group of individuals to which the researcher would consider concrete enough for the purposes of drawing a sample. Out of 7 sub wards namely, Kandisi, Lower Nkoroi, Nkaimurunya, Kware, Olekasasi, Ongata Rongai and Laiserhill, this research targeted the households of e sub ward with a total of 9,136 households. Kware was targeted for this study due to its dense population, rapid urban growth, and unique environmental challenges. As a key market hub with significant organic waste from fresh produce, butcheries, and emerging fish markets, the area faces notable waste management issues. The absence of a proper sewage system has led to untreated sewage being discharged into public spaces, impacting nearby rivers and degrading environmental quality. These factors, alongside ongoing urbanization, make Kware an important focus for this study Sample Size Kothari (2018 on page 95) established that sample size influences the accuracy of estimating population values. By and large, it is mandatory that the sample size is of an optimum measure. It should thus not be too large or too small. The decision of a sample size is an essential characteristic of any research endeavor, (Kothari 2018). Having noted the above, to arrive at the sample size for Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 29 this study, the Slovin’s formula was used. It formalized the notion that the sample size required following a study is a function of the target population and the maximum permissible margin of error (sampling error) and is extended algebraically as, Therefore, No. of Households = 9,136 n=9,136 1+ 9,136 (0.05)2 n = 9,136 23.84 =383.22 ≈ 383 Sampling Technique Sampling, as defined by Mugenda and Mugenda (2019), refers to the process of selecting individuals for a study in a manner that ensures they represent the larger group from which they were chosen. In this study, the researcher employed simple random sampling to select households in Kware that generate waste. Simple random sampling enabled the researcher to draw conclusions about a specific population without introducing bias. Subjects were chosen in a manner that Where: n = desired sample size, N = Target Population at 9,136 and e = the marginal error allowed at 0.05 Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 30 ensures existing subgroups within the population are fairly and randomly represented in the sample (Mugenda, 2019). Sampling Criteria The sampling criteria for this study was established following Kothari's (2018) guidelines to ensure a representative sample from Ongata Rongai Township residents. The target population consisted of individuals aged 18 and above, as they are likely to possess relevant knowledge and experiences related to waste management practices. Participants were specifically selected from Ongata Rongai to focus on localized issues. Informed consent was obtained from all participants to maintain ethical standards. Additionally, the sampling process aimed to include a diverse demographic, accounting for variations in gender, age, socioeconomic status, and length of residency. This approach ensured that the findings would be comprehensive and applicable to the broader community context. Data Collection Instruments As described by Kothari (2018), data collection instruments are tools utilized in measuring a given phenomenon during data collection. For this study, the researcher employed questionnaires, key informant interview guides (KIIs), and focus group discussion (FGD) guides. A questionnaire, as outlined by Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2017), encompasses all data collection techniques wherein each participant responds to the same set of questions in a predetermined manner. In this study, questionnaires featured a mix of closed-ended and open- ended questions. Questionnaires offered the advantage of being self-explanatory, time-efficient, and provide concrete data for future reference (Kothari, 2018). Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 31 A key informant interview guide involves orally administering a set of open-ended questions (Mugenda & Mugenda, 2019). Interviewers can probe further to verify information provided. Key informant interviews were conducted with county government officials. Focus group discussions entail bringing together individuals with similar backgrounds or experiences to discuss a specific topic of interest. Typically comprising eight to ten participants, FGDs facilitate qualitative research by exploring participants' perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, opinions, or ideas (Kothari, 2018). In this research, FGDs were conducted within the context of power dynamics, with the researcher collaborating with local facilitators to guide the discussions. Data Collection Tool Respondents Sample Size Questionnaire Household heads 383 FGD Guide Residents Associations, Kware Market Association, Garbage Waste collectors, County Public Health 5 KII Guide Officials, Community leaders/Women Representatives, Local Government Administration (2), County Government Officials, Local Ward Administrator, Local Health Administrator, Local Environmental Administrator 6 Types of Data Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2017) identify two broad categories of data as qualitative data and quantitative data. The study also gathered secondary data, including historical, published data as well as reports of the County government, the study was also to gather primary data from the field. Whereas qualitative data is based on meanings as expressed under words, numbers form the basis of quantitative data meanings. According to Mugenda and Mugenda (2019), quantitative data complements quantitative data by offering both detailed information and statistical data, Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 32 which is useful to fulfill the required goals. In this study, the researcher adopted the use of both quantitative and qualitative data to gather as much benefit as possible to the research. As stated by Kombo and Tromp (2018), primary data is information collected directly from respondents, while secondary data consists of information that has been gathered by others and is not specifically intended for the current user. This study employed both primary and secondary data collection methods. Primary data was gathered through direct questionnaires, focus group discussions (FGDs), and key informant interviews (KIIs) while secondary data was obtained from historical sources, including published reports and documents such as the Kajiado County Integrated Development Plans for 2013-2017 and 2018-2022 respectively. Data Collection Procedures In this study, data collection began by requesting an introduction letter from DU ISERC which was used in obtaining permission from the NACOSTI and the County Commissioner Ongata Rongai. Before actual data collection the researcher hired and trained two research assistants to help in the administration of the questionnaires. The researcher then arranged for the KIIs interviews. To maintain anonymity and confidentiality of the participants the researcher signed consent forms which the participant filled before participating in the study. After that, according to the agreed schedule, the questionnaires were completed by the respondent above the age of 18 by the researcher and assistants. Participants were not identifiable in the study and once again, data that was no longer useful was discarded. Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 33 Face-to-face method was employed in administering the questionnaires; however, if any clarification was required, the research assistants explained and clarified to the respondents. The research assistants also ensured that respondents had adequate time to fill out the questionnaires before collecting the completed ones. On the agreed day and time, the researcher interviewed the key informants and conducted focus group discussions as the research assistants took notes of the responses provided. Pretesting of the Research Instrument As Mohajan (2017) noted, pre-testing refers to a critical scrutiny of research instruments that facilitated the discovery whether the research was viable in its social science capacity or not. Pretesting provides the researcher with an opportunity to go through the scripts, consider control measures and survey the environment for factors that have an influence on the results. According to Mugenda and Mugenda (2019), while conducting the pretesting exercise, one should not use many people to respond to the research questions. A pre-test sample of between 1 and 10 percent is sufficient depending on the number of cases for instance for 100 cases, 1 to 10 cases are sufficient. It will be reasonable to conduct the pre-test with a sample of a tenth of the total sample with a similar characteristic. The researcher administered 38 questionnaires to people of Kandisi, an urban center, which is 7 Kilometers away from Kware. Kandisi neighbourhood is surrounded by Lower Nkoroi and Maasai lodge Neighbourhoods. The research team carried out pretesting in Kandisi neighborhood before conducting the actual data collection to check on questions that might be misunderstood or ambiguous. This involved pilot testing the questionnaires and interview guides for the KII to establish whether there Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 34 were any disparities in the wording of questions, or any vague directions or restrictions that would hinder the efficiency of the instrument in data collection. In this research, pretesting offered the researcher a chance to revise the study materials and data collection procedures for an efficient conduct of the research study. Validity and Reliability Validity refers to the extent to which an instrument accurately measures what it is intended to measure, reflecting the accuracy with which the data represents a specific variable or construct in the study (Mohajan, 2017). Essentially, it assesses the objectivity of the research instruments. To evaluate validity in this study, the content validity technique was employed. This technique involves carefully crafting the questions in the research instruments based on the existing literature. According to (Mohajan, 2017) Reliability in knowledge and human resources focuses on internal consistency of questions or items used in research instruments. This means that if the questions or items used in the assessments have been measuring the same concept when they are administered repeatedly, they should produce congruent results (Bujang, 2018). This author also pointed out that reliability could be boost using many similar items within a measure, lots of people, and standardized methods of testing. In this study Cronbach alpha (α) coefficient was used to analyze the internal consistencies (or reliability Coefficient) of items presented on multiple Likert scale. The measure of the number of items in a scale is known as cronbachs alpha and the result range from 0 to 1; 0 is a least reliable, and 1 is the most reliable. It has established that the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient may be as low as 0.70, although higher than 0.90 or even depending on the nature of a given research.It is accepted that for exploratory and descriptive studies, coefficient of 0.70 or more is satisfactory, Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 35 for basic sciences coefficients between 0.80 to 0.90 are desirable (Conchbach, 1951).same concept when used repeatedly, they should yield consistent results (Bujang, 2018). This author further indicated that reliability could be enhanced by including numerous similar items on a measure, testing a diverse sample of individuals, and employing uniform testing procedures. In this study, Cronbach's alpha coefficients (α) was utilized to assess the average internal consistency (reliability) of items presented on a multiple Likert scale. A higher Cronbach's alpha coefficient indicates greater reliability of the construct being measured. Generally, an acceptable range for the Cronbach's alpha coefficient is between 0.70 and 0.90, or higher depending on the nature of the research. A coefficient of 0.70 or higher is deemed acceptable for exploratory or descriptive research, while values between 0.80 and 0.90 are considered suitable for basic and applied sciences, respectively (Conchbach, 1951). As stated this study conducted a Cronbach’s alpha test for items presented on a multiple Likert scale using the questionnaires obtained from the pretesting exercise that indicated all the items were reliable. Operationalization and measurement of study variables The operationalization and measurement of study variables are crucial for effectively examining the relationship between waste management practices and their environmental impacts (Rodriguez & Raghu, 2020). This study identifies several key variables categorized into independent, dependent, and intervening types. The independent variables include waste management practices, knowledge of waste management, and environmental awareness, which reflect the actions and understanding of the residents regarding waste disposal and its implications. These variables are measured using structured questionnaires and surveys, employing Likert scales to capture the degree of awareness and practices among the community. Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 36 On the other hand, the dependent variables (air pollution, water pollution, and health impacts) represent the outcomes influenced by the independent variables. Their measurement involves both quantitative assessments, such as air quality monitoring and health records review, and qualitative surveys to gauge residents' perceptions. Intervening variables, including government involvement and community participation, are also assessed to understand their role in shaping waste management practices. By employing a mix of measurement tools and scales, this operationalization framework enables a comprehensive analysis of how waste management practices affect environmental sustainability in Ongata Rongai. Figure 1: Operationalization and measurement of study variables Matrix Type of Variable Variable Definition Indicator/Dimension Measurement Tool Scale/Type Independent Variable Waste Management Practices Activities related to the collection, disposal, and recycling of waste. - Waste segregation - Frequency of waste collection - Recycling efforts Structured questionnaire Likert scale (1-5), Frequency scale Independent Variable Knowledge of Waste Management Understanding of effective waste management strategies and practices. - Awareness of recycling methods - Familiarity with waste disposal regulations Surveys and interviews Likert scale (1-5) Independent Variable Environmental Awareness Understanding the environmental impacts of waste - Knowledge of waste's impact on air/water - Recognition of personal responsibility Surveys Likert scale (1-5) Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 37 Type of Variable Variable Definition Indicator/Dimension Measurement Tool Scale/Type management practices. Dependent Variable Air Pollution The presence of harmful substances in the air due to poor waste management. - Levels of particulate matter - Residents’ perceptions of air quality Air quality monitoring Surveys Continuous (quantitative), Likert scale (1-5) Dependent Variable Water Pollution Contamination of water sources due to improper waste disposal. - Incidence of waterborne diseases - Observed changes in water quality Health records review Surveys Dichotomous (Yes/No), Continuous (quantitative) Dependent Variable Health Impacts Effects of waste management practices on community health. - Reports of illness related to waste - Resident concerns about health risks Health surveys Interviews Dichotomous (Yes/No), Likert scale (1-5) Intervening Variable Government Involvement Engagement of local government in waste management policies and practices. - Existence of waste management policies - Community outreach programs Policy analysis Interviews Qualitative assessment Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 38 Type of Variable Variable Definition Indicator/Dimension Measurement Tool Scale/Type Intervening Variable Community Participation Involvement of residents in waste management initiatives. - Participation in clean- up events - Attendance at community meetings Surveys and attendance records Frequency scale, Categorical Unit of Analysis The unit of analysis for this study was the households, which served as the primary focus for quantitative data collection regarding waste management practices among Ongata Rongai residents. Each household provided insights into their knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to waste collection and disposal. By analyzing data at the household level, the study aimed to capture variations in waste management behaviors and their impacts on environmental sustainability. Additionally, key stakeholders including local government officials, County officials and ward health and environmental administrators were included together with focussed group discussions with resident associations, Kware Market Association and Garbage Waste Collectors were included to contextualize the findings and assess the effectiveness of waste management strategies in the region. This dual approach allowed for a comprehensive understanding of both individual household dynamics and broader systemic influences on waste management. Data Analysis Plan and Data Management Saunders et al., (2017) define data analysis as the process of organizing, structuring, and deriving meaning from collected information. The objective of data analysis is to interpret data and condense it into a format that is comprehensible to readers. The collected data underwent Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 39 thorough checking, validation, editing, and coding. The validation process involved scrutinizing the questionnaire to ensure the sample obtained is accurate and acceptable in terms of proportion. Additionally, the completeness of the instruments was verified. Where primary data collection was employed, the researcher transformed Likert scale response into a database in the Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 23.0 program, and the result was displayed in tables, charts and graphs. In this study both quantitative and qualitative forms of data analysis was adapted. In describing the quantitative data, frequency and percentage were used while Non parametric tests was used in comparing medians when the variables failed to meet parametric tests assumptions. Questionnaires included open-ended questions that needed to be condensed by editing, paraphrasing, and summarizing to improve understanding of qualitative data collected in the study. Proper names were then assigned to the various categories for purpose of description. Finally, the summarized qualitative data was as presented as the percentage of the number of times the responses were recorded. Ethical Considerations In the research process, ethics revolve around applying ethical standards throughout the planning, data collection, analysis, dissemination, and utilization of research results. These ethical standards encompass virtues such as honesty, compassion, and empathy when interacting with subjects or other living beings involved in the research (Mugenda, 2019). Crucially, ethical practices are not solely the responsibility of the principal researcher but extend to all individuals involved in the research process. The study addressed all logistical and ethical considerations to prevent any issues that may undermine the credibility of the study. This included obtaining written informed consent from Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 40 respondents and key informants before conducting interviews, accompanied by an introductory letter from Daystar University confirming confidentiality and the proper use of gathered information. This research ensured participant data privacy and security is a priority through maintaining participant anonymity. Once the research is concluded data that is no longer needed was deleted. Moreover, the study was mindful of the timing and duration of interviews, ensuring respectfulness in demeanor, speech, and physical appearance throughout the interactions. The researcher and team members always maintained appropriate attire. Furthermore, the researcher ensured that the research adheres to all ethical guidelines established by Daystar University's Ethics Department and subsequently register and comply with the requirements stipulated by the National Commission for Science, Technology, and Innovation (NACOSTI). Integrity during data collection was upheld by maintaining the anonymity of respondents, with all provided information treated with utmost confidentiality. Chapter Summary In this chapter, the researcher has discussed the research design and methodology that was used in the research, in detail. The research population, target population, sample size and sampling techniques have also been sited. Finally, the researcher has looked into validity and ethical considerations to be used while undertaking the research. Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 41 CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS Introduction The chapter presents the data presentation, analysis and interpretation regarding the study objectives. The findings were assessed in context of the examination of the literature as well. The Ongata Rongai Township in Kajiado County, Kenya, served as the case study for the study, which analyzed the assessment of effects of waste management practices on the environment. The analytical report including frequency tables, percentages, and graphs was created in the subsequent sections. Response Rate To achieve a statistically significant sample size of 383 respondents, the researcher gave questionnaires to the targeted population, which consisted of residents of Ongata Rongai, Kajiado North Sub County, Kajiado County, Kenya. The respondents were asked to freely participate in the study. The completed surveys were sent back. Out of 383 questionnaires that were distributed, 364 were fully filled and returned, indicating a 95% response rate. This response rate is validated by Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) who stated that a response rate of 50% is deemed adequate, 61- 70% good, and 70% or higher very good. Considering that the research's response rate was 95%, this means that the response was both good and sufficient to enable efficient data analysis and interpretation. The percentage of valid questionnaire responses was 95%. Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 42 Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation Demographic Characteristics The traits of the respondents to the survey are given in this section. To understand the characteristics that guide data analysis and interpretation, it was critical to ascertain the respondents' demographic data. The following attributes were considered in the research: Age, gender, marital status and the period lived in Ongata Rongai. Age of the Respondents Age is an important parameter in a study. In this regard, the respondents were asked to indicate their ages. The findings are presented in Figure 1. Figure 2: Age of the Respondents Figure 1 presents the findings on age of the respondents, the findings established that 173 (47%) were respondents between 18 to 28 years of age while 109 (30%) were respondents between 29 to 38 years of age and 53 (15%) of the respondents were aged between 39 to 48 years and 29 (8%) of respondents were above 49 years of age respectively. This data shows that there were more 173; 47% 109; 30% 53; 15% 29; 8% Age of the Respondents 18-28 Yrs 29-38 Yrs 39-48 Yrs 49 Yrs and above Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 43 respondents aged 18 to 38 years, which is reflective of a population that is likely to be more open in this study. Gender of the Respondents The researcher sought to know the gender of the respondents. In this regard, the respondents were asked to indicate their gender. The findings are presented in Table 1. Table 1: Gender of Respondents Gender Frequency Percent Female 196 53.8 Male 165 45.3 Intersex 1 0.3 Prefer Not to Say 2 0.5 Total 364 100 The findings show that a significant number of the respondents 196 (53.8%) were female, 165 (45.3%) of the respondents were male, 2 (0.5%) did not say their gender while only 1 (0.3%) of the respondents were intersex. This revealed that the male and female gender was represented in the data collection. The results indicate a balanced perspective on waste management issues from both genders. Period Lived in Ongata Rongai The period lived in Ongata Rongai of the respondents was important for the study to establish how long the residents have lived in Ongata Rongai, to understand the effect of waste management practices on their environment in Ongata Rongai, Kajiado North Sub County. The findings are presented in Table 2. Table 2: Period Lived in Ongata Rongai Ongata_Rongai Frequency Percent 0 to 4 Years 135 37.1 Daystar University Repository Library Archives Copy 44 5 to 9 Years 121 33.2 10-14 Years 54 14.8 15-19 Years 45 12.4 Over 20 Years 9 2.5 Total 364 100 The researcher categorized the years into five: 0-4 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years, 15-19 years and over 20 years. From the study