Sociodemographic and Associated Risk Factors for PTSD and Depression among Select Urban Refugees in Nairobi

Abstract

This study investigated the sociodemographic and trauma-related risk factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among urban refugees seeking services at an international organization in Nairobi. Using PCL-5 and BDI-II, and a sociodemograhic questionnaire, data were collected from refugee participants to assess the prevalence and predictors of mental health conditions. The findings revealed that gender and education level were significant predictors (gender: χ²(2) = 10.23, p = .006; education: χ²(4) = 9.90, p = .042), with female refugees and those with lower educational attainment showing higher rates of PTSD and depression. While variables such as country of origin, marital status, and age did not significantly predict mental health outcomes, having family in Kenya and a higher number of children were associated with elevated symptoms (Wilks’ Λ = .953, F = 4.666, p = .011, effect size was partial η² = .047). Specific traumatic experiences—particularly torture (torture: F(1, 264) = 7.189, p = .008, η² = .027), sexual assault (sexual assault: F(1, 264) = 10.368, p = .001, η² = .038), and abduction (abduction: F(1, 264) = 6.511, p = .011, η² = .024)—were strong predictors of PTSD and depression, with the nature of the perpetrator influencing symptom severity. A cumulative trauma effect was observed, although resilience appeared to increase among those with extensive trauma exposure. Post-migration stressors, including unemployment, housing insecurity, and lack of access to services, were positively correlated with poor mental health. The study recommends targeted psychosocial interventions, education and income-generating programs, and stronger enforcement of refugee rights to mitigate these risks and improve mental health outcomes among urban refugee populations.