The Role of Women in Counter-Radicalization Efforts in Kenya: A Case of Kamukunji Sub-County, Nairobi, Kenya

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the involvement of women in counter-radicalization within Kamukunji Sub- County, Nairobi County, Kenya. The objectives were to explore existing counter-radicalization programs that engage women, identify the hurdles they experience, and evaluate the level of their engagement. The study adopted a concurrent mixed-methods research design, integrating both quantitative and qualitative approaches to provide a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. The rationale for the study was informed by the limited empirical research on women’s participation in preventing violent extremism in Kenya, despite their crucial role in promoting community resilience and peacebuilding. The study targeted a population of 120 respondents, representing 30% of the 400 individuals sampled from Kamukunji Sub- County. Participants included men and women aged above 18 years drawn from various sectors, including local government officials, civil society representatives, youth groups, women’s organizations, police officers, and community members. The study was guided by two theoretical frameworks: the Socialist Feminist Theory and the General Strain Theory, which together provided a lens for understanding the intersection between gender, social inequalities, and radicalization dynamics. Data were collected using both qualitative and quantitative methods, including self-administered questionnaires, surveys, and case studies. The mixed-methods approach enabled the triangulation of data to strengthen the validity and depth of findings. The literature review emphasized the multifaceted roles of women in counter-radicalization, from community mobilization and peace education to intelligence sharing and early warning efforts. However, it also highlighted significant barriers such as gender bias, limited access to decision-making platforms, insufficient resources, and socio-cultural constraints that impede their full participation. The findings revealed that while women in Kamukunji Sub- County play important roles in grassroots peace and security efforts, their participation in formal counter-radicalization initiatives remains minimal. Most existing programs are male-dominated and do not fully integrate women’s perspectives or experiences, resulting in underutilized potential for effective prevention of violent extremism. Additionally, challenges such as lack of awareness, minimal institutional support, and patriarchal attitudes continue to hinder women’s empowerment and active inclusion in security discourse. Based on these findings, the study recommends enhancing women’s involvement in counter-radicalization initiatives through policy reform, strategic capacity building, and community engagement. Policy reforms should ensure gender-sensitive approaches in security planning and decision-making processes, while capacity-building programs should provide women with relevant skills and leadership training to participate effectively in prevention efforts. Community engagement should promote collaboration among government institutions, civil society, and local communities to create inclusive and sustainable counter-radicalization strategies. Strengthening women’s participation will not only foster gender equality but also enhance community resilience against extremist ideologies. The study therefore, underscores that empowering women as key stakeholders in counter-radicalization is essential for long-term peace and stability. Their inclusion, leadership, and protection from systemic barriers can transform the effectiveness and sustainability of counter- radicalization interventions in Kenya.