Cultural Practices and Perceptions of Youth on Major Depressive Disorder among Young People Aged 18 to 30 Years Enrolled in Universities and Colleges in Homa Bay County, Kenya

Abstract

This study examined how cultural practices influence perceptions of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) among young adults aged 18–30 years enrolled in universities and colleges in Homa Bay County, Kenya. The research was driven by a limited understanding of how traditional beliefs and healing practices shape mental health awareness and help-seeking behaviour among youth in rural Kenya. The objectives were to determine the prevalence of MDD, identify cultural practices influencing mental health perceptions, and analyse how these practices shape youth attitudes toward depression and professional help-seeking. A mixed-methods design integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches was employed. Quantitative data were collected from 132 respondents using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and analysed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and multiple regression. Qualitative data from 10 in-depth interviews were analysed thematically to complement statistical findings. Results showed that 24.2% of respondents had moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms. Regression analysis revealed that cultural beliefs significantly predicted depression perceptions (β = 0.42, p < 0.01), with stronger adherence to traditional views associated with a lower likelihood of seeking professional help (β = –0.36, p < 0.05). Education level moderated this relationship (p < 0.05), as students with higher education demonstrated more balanced biomedical and cultural interpretations of depression. Gender differences were marginal but not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Qualitative findings reinforced that religious faith, ancestral beliefs, and communal expectations shape interpretations of depressive symptoms. The study concluded that cultural frameworks substantially determine how young people in Homa Bay County perceive and respond to depression. It recommends culturally sensitive mental health education, collaboration between traditional and professional healers, and integration of mental health programmes in higher learning institutions to reduce stigma and improve access to care.