Browsing by Author "Waruinge, Njoki"

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    Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in Managing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Case of Selected Prisons in Central Region of Kenya
    (Daystar University, School of Applied Human Sciences, 2023) Waruinge, Njoki
    Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a widely recognized chronic mental health condition that often results in considerable impairments throughout one’s life. The main objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive behavioural therapy (MBCBT) amongst incarcerated male adults, while seeking to document the prevalence of ADHD amongst the population, their sociodemographic and risk factors, and comorbid mental disorders. The study adopted a quasi-experimental research design, utilizing the quantitative method approach for data collection, analysis and interpretation. A purposively selected sample of 672 inmates was drawn from five male prisons within Central Kenya. Screening was done using the Adult Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1), and a mental status questionnaire to collect data aimed at identifying common ADHD comorbidities. Only the experimental group was given MBCBT treatment. After the baseline assessment, midline and endline data was collected 8 and 16 weeks later respectively. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to obtain bivariate, multivariate and multimodal data analysis. The Pearson correlation coefficient (p) was employed to show the correlation between ADHD and criminality, while using descriptive and inferential statistics to define the differences with the groups. The study concluded that the prevalence estimate of ADHD among inmates in the selected prisons was 22.9 percent, with the combined sub-type being the most prevalent. Comorbidities had a statistically significant positive relationship with ADHD scores, while a high rate of measures for possible alcoholism was observed, showing a positive correlation between alcoholism and ADHD. The findings also indicated that the MBCBT intervention was effective in the management of ADHD characteristics. The study recommends the integration of specialized training in MBCBT for inmates as an integral part of correctional programs.
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    Exploring the Relationship between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Criminogenic Factors in a Kenyan Prison Population
    (African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2023) Waruinge, Njoki; Tuikong, Sylvia; Ayuya, Caroline
    Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder and one of the most common mental disorders affecting children, but often persisting into adulthood. The disorder is considered a chronic and debilitating condition that is known to adversely impact the individual in many aspects of their life including daily functioning, interpersonal relationships, academic and occupational achievements. Some of the symptoms of ADHD expose the individual to behavioural and emotional challenges that may often be associated with negative outcomes, including crime. Global research has reported disproportionately higher rates of ADHD among youth and adult offenders across the criminal justice system. The disorder remains largely undiagnosed and untreated, more so amongst adults in general, and in prisoners in Kenya. This quasi-experimental study sought to investigate the criminogenic risk factors most associated with ADHD among an adult prison population aged 18-65 years, in Central Kenya. Data was obtained using a socio-demographic questionnaire from respondents (N=113) first screened for ADHD symptoms using Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) Symptom Checklist. Purposive sampling was applied to assign the participants into two groups: experimental (n = 52) and control (n = 61). With 95% confidence level and p-value of ≤ 0.05, descriptive and inferential analysis showed that ADHD among the inmates was statistically significantly associated with marital and educational circumstances, recidivism, and family environment. The study found a strong link between ADHD traits and criminogenic factors among male inmates in the selected Kenyan prisons, including self-control issues, antisocial behavioural traits, substance abuse, family difficulties, and educational challenges. It therefore recommends that ADHD should be accorded more attention in Kenya aimed at reducing incidences of criminal conviction and re-offending.
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    Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Incarcetrated Male Adults With ADHD in Selected Prisons in Kenya
    (European Journal of Social Sciences Studies, 2023) Waruinge, Njoki; Ayuya, Caroline; Tuikong, Sylvia
    Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder characterized by difficulties in behaviour control. This study aimed to explore the socio-demographic characteristics of incarcerated male adults with ADHD in selected prisons in Kenya. A mixed methods approach was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis. The target population consisted of incarcerated male adults aged 18 to 65 years. The study revealed important insights into the profile of these individuals. The majority of respondents fell within the age range of 20 to 50 years, indicating a prevalence of ADHD among individuals in their prime adulthood. Common previous occupations included agriculture, transport-related, and casual jobs. Marital status analysis showed a significant number of married respondents, highlighting family responsibilities among incarcerated male adults with ADHD. In terms of education, the majority had levels below college, with primary and secondary education being the most common backgrounds. First-borns had the highest representation, and many respondents came from large families with four or more children. Mothers were reported as the most common parent during the respondents' childhood. Regarding income levels, the majority had low-income levels, reflecting socioeconomic challenges faced by incarcerated male adults with ADHD and their limited financial resources. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the socio-demographic characteristics of incarcerated male adults with ADHD in Kenya. The insights gained from this study may inform targeted interventions and support services within the prison system to address the specific needs of this population.