Browsing by Author "Mbutu, Paul Mutinda"

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    Attitude of expectant mothers to medical practitioners ‘advice and its effect on maternal mortality in Kibera slum, Nairobi
    (Journal Of Communication, 2017) Ndung’u, Stacy Wangari; Mbutu, Paul Mutinda
    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the attitude of expectant mothers to medical practitioners‟ advice and its effect on maternal mortality in Kibera slum, Nairobi Methodology:The study utilized a correlation research design. The target population comprised all expectant mothers within Kibera slums who were present at the selected clinics during antenatal day at the time of data collection. The target population also constituted all the twenty eight medical practitioners working at the five selected clinics as well as all the peer professionals who listen to the expectant mothers‟ complaints. The study conducted a census for the medical practitioners and used convenience sampling for the expectant mothers and peer professionals. The sample size was 38 respondents. The study used a questionnaire, focus group discussion and a key informant interview guide as research instrumentsto obtain primary data.The questionnaires were self-administered with the help of two research assistants while the researcher conducted the focus group discussion with the expectant mothers and the key informant interview with the two peer proffessionals. The researcher analyzed both quantitative and qualitative data. Results: Based on the findings the study concluded that expectant mothers‟ in Kibera slum uphold various cultural norms which affect intercultural communication between the mothers and medical practitioners negatively. The study also concluded that expectant mothers in Kibera slum had expectations about the medical practitioners‟ intercultural communication skills. These expectationsaffect intercultural communication of health information among expectant mothers. Further, the study concluded that expectant mothers have negative attitudes towards the medical practitioners which significantly contributed to maternal mortality in Kibera slum. Policy recommendation: The Ministry of Health should take the initiative to educate the residents of Kibera slum on the importance of attending antenatal and prenatal clinics. The MOH
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    Chamas as Stable Organisations: A Binding Proposition to McPhee and Zaug’s Four Flows
    (International Journal of Communication and Public Relation, 2018-05) Njeru, Wairimu B.; Mbutu, Paul Mutinda; Awiti, Jane
    Purpose: Chamas are popular social collectives in Kenya. Literature suggests that one in three Kenyans belong to at least one Chama, and that though Chamas are formed for a variety of valid reasons, many often break within their formative years. The four Chamas presented in this study are between 8 and 16 years old, and in their words, are growing stronger. The study takes on a Communicative Constitution of Organisation (CCO) metatheoretical stance, to explore how communication constitutes the Chamas as such stable organisations. Methodology: The study adopted the McPhee and Zaug‟s Four Flows model, which suggests that organisations are communicatively constituted through Four flows: membership negotiation, reflexive self-structuring, activity coordination, and institutional positioning. While Chamas exhibit these flows in unique ways, we argue that a more binding, additional flow contributes to a stable Chama, creating an organisation better placed in meeting its objectives, and therefore working better for the wellbeing of its members, as well as its wider social context. This study presents findings from four purposively selected Chamas: KP, BC, UFN, and TW, which were observed over 6 months. Four in depth interviews were held with the leadership of the Chamas, in addition to four focus group discussions with members of the Chamas. Results: The findings reveal a unique Flow, which we refer to as the Intangible Fabric Flow, which arguably, smoothens the running of McPhee and Zaug‟s Four Flows, in the context of the Chamas, and adds an exclusive theoretical contribution. Unique Contribution to theory and practice: The study provides a unique contribution to theory and practice since Chamas and organisations in general will benefit from considering and nurturing an intangible fabric which helps them to hold together, beyond the work that they are doing. This stability can bring with it immense rewards brought about by a stable organisation.
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    Cultural Norms That expectant mothers in Kibera slum uphold
    (Journal Of Communication, 2017) Ndung’u, Stacy Wangari; Mbutu, Paul Mutinda
    Purpose: The purpose of this study was cultural norms that expectant mothers in Kibera slum uphold. Methodology: The study utilized a correlation research design. The target population comprised all expectant mothers within Kibera slums who were present at the selected clinics during antenatal day at the time of data collection. The target population also constituted all the twenty eight medical practitioners working at the five selected clinics as well as all the peer professionals who listen to the expectant mothers‟ complaints. The study conducted a census for the medical practitioners and used convenience sampling for the expectant mothers and peer professionals. The sample size was 38 respondents. The study used a questionnaire, focus group discussion and a key informant interview guide as research instruments to obtain primary data. The questionnaires were self-administered with the help of two research assistants while the researcher conducted the focus group discussion with the expectant mothers and the key informant interview with the two peer professionals. The researcher analyzed both quantitative and qualitative data. Results:The medical practitioners indicated that expectant mothers uphold cultural customs, cultural practices, cultural beliefs and cultural agreement values.The expectant mothers indicated that they observe various cultural norms .Results also revealed that the existence of cultural norms affect the intercultural communication of health information among expectant mothers. However, some of the expectant mothers take up advice that goes against their cultural beliefs and norms. They take up advice on various issues such as vaccination, giving birth in clinics, taking of drugs, going to prenatal clinics, family planning and undergoing caesarean during birth. Policy recommendation: The Ministry of Health should take the initiative to educate the residents of Kibera slum on the importance of attending antenatal and prenatal clinics. The MOH should also lead campaigns that condemn outdated cultural customs which subject expectant mothers to adverse risks even to the point of losing their lives. This can be done through the local media
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    Exploring Terror Victims’ Expectations of Government Communication
    (International Journal of Media, Journalism and Mass Communications, 2020) Aswani, Daniel Robert; Mbutu, Paul Mutinda; Mwithia, Kinya Jesica
    At the time of a terror attack, victims yearn for messages from the government so that they can make decisions on their safety and security. When the government communicates, the victims form perceptions towards such communication. The perceptions that victims of terror hold are partly attributed to the expectations that the victims have of government communication. This study explored terror victims’ expectations of government communication. The study adopted a qualitative methodology and used hermeneutic phenomenological design. The findings showed that victims of terror have expectations of government communication ranging from the desire for personalized communication; agility in communication; transparent and prompt communication; well-coordinated messaging; and communicate power and authority. Different studies, both conceptual and speculative, point to the same expectations of the different audiences that consume government communication.
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    Indicators for Severity of Suicide Behaviors and Coexisting Mental Disorders among Adolescents
    (The International Journal of Humanities and Social Studies, 2018-01) Ojuade, Samuel O.; Munene, Alice; Mbutu, Paul Mutinda
    The ongoing scholastic debate on cursors of suicide behaviors among adolescents is fragmented. To bolster the discourse, this study therefore examined indicators for severity of suicide behaviors and co-existing mental health disorders. The research was conducted among 115 inpatient and out-patient adolescents at Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital Kappa-Lagos Nigeria. The sample size was selected at 80% power and 30% effective size using purposive sampling technique. This research used Suicide Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R), Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI), and Mood Disorders Questionnaire (MDQ) and researcher-generated socio-economic demographic questionnaire to collect data. The findings showed that depressive illness is a basic predictor of adolescent suicide (p=0.0001) while mother’s employment status was seen to be a predictor of mental health condition especially major depressive disorder among adolescents (p=0.028). Other indicators of suicide behaviors among adolescents include gender (p=0.030), education (p= 0.0001) and mother’s employment status (p=0.047). Also, higher frequency of suicide ideation was seen to be a predictor of suicide attempt (p < 0.0001), those who made threat of committing suicide more than once are likely to attempt suicide later in life, (p=0.001). Further, the results also indicated that suicide attempt with intent had a higher likelihood of completing suicide in the future (p < 0.0001). Suicide attempts predict complete suicide. The more frequent the suicide attempt, the more likelihood to complete suicide. Having discovered predictors of suicide behaviors among adolescents, researcher concluded with the need for early intervention and other useful recommendations to curtail this endemic phenomenon among adolescents.
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    Leadership training programs/models, inter-ethnic conflict resolution and the youth
    (International Journal of Leadership and Governance, 2022) Mbutu, Paul Mutinda; Wanjigi, Jimi R.
    Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore and discuss the various models/programs used in leadership training in the context of inter-ethnic conflict resolution and how those models can be used by NGOs in training the youth. From their many years of practice and experience in training, both Paulo Freire and John Paul Lederach propose training models that are suitable and effective in leadership training in inter-ethnic conflict resolution situations. The two approaches to training which Lederach (1995) refer to as the prescriptive and the elicitive, should be understood as analytic models, or as Weber would call them, “ideal types” (Weber 1947). Paulo Freire talks about progressive education training. In other words, in real life the exact, pure model of either type may not exist. And that is the premise this paper is built on. Methodology: Using a quantitative study approach, this study describes the different leadership training programs that have been used with relevance to the culture and needs of the youth in Kenya in inter-ethnic conflict resolution. It presents an overview of ten case studies of leadership training programs and draws from them to illustrate how leadership training programs in inter-ethnic conflict resolution for the youth can be designed and conducted to communicatively transfer knowledge and skills to help the youth in social and behavioral change and become sources of change agents in the communities they live. Findings: The study attempts to give various definitions of key terms and concepts used in leadership and conflict resolution discourses. Results in the ten cases, demonstrated there was some notable divergence in terms of topics covered in each program, but that means that the difference came about because of the different target needs and issues each program tried to address. Results showed that almost all (80%) of the training programs were evaluated. Some of the training bodies had their own biases in covering topics. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy:The researchers considers these models of leadership training and how they can be communicatively used to transfer knowledge and skills in inter-ethnic conflict resolution and bring about social or behavioral change among the youth. Design theory informs how these training programs are designed, planned, implemented, and evaluated.
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    Leadership: A Psychology and Discursive Approach
    (Journal of Human Resource and Leadership, 2019) Mbutu, Paul Mutinda
    Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to give a general overview of the term “leadership” as used and explained by different authors and how it is situated in the context of psychology and discursive leadership. Purpose: Methodology: The paper adopted a desktop methodology research design. Key words such as leadership styles, leadership, leadership dimensions, and communication in leadership were used to source published papers from popular search engines such as google and scholar. The published papers were then assessed for quality and those found relevant were used to generate results. The type of data analysis method used was qualitative data analysis. Specifically, content analysis was used to identify key themes and research gaps from papers. Findings: Communication was found to be a crucial element in almost all leadership types and dimensions. However, the role and importance of communication in leadership was more implied than expressly advocated for in the various leadership forms and styles. Consequently, a discursive approach to leadership was recommended which expressly recognizes the role of communication, the role of framing and the need to infuse to get things done by communicating more effectively. It was also suggested that the excesses of charismatic leadership styles could be a downside to the use of effective use of communication in negative manipulation of followers. Unique contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The paper sheds light on the role that communication plays in leadership. Discursive leadership is an additional theoretical dimension to leadership styles, types and dimensions. Policy makers may prescribe the need for discursive leadership in the various policy documents such as the constitution sections which advocate for leadership and governance among public and private institutions. Leaders in all fora could apply discursive leadership in a bid to improve leader-follower performance outcomes.
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    Many are Crying, “Who Will Show Us Any Good?” – Voices of December 2007 Post-Election Violence Victims in Kenya
    (Journal of Public Policy and Administration, 2022) Mbutu, Paul Mutinda; Wanjigi, Jimi R.
    Purpose: This study analyzes and brings to light the voices of the victims who suffered particularly the socio-economic effects of the 2007 December violence and land clashes that took place in Kenya. During the 2007 December violence and land clashes, women, children and men were affected differently by the conflict, with women and children suffering most of the effects such as death, physical injuries and insufficient resources to take care of their basic needs. Consequently, as women experienced the immediate consequences of the conflict, they were the first to receive humanitarian assistance from international Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) like the Red Cross and a few indigenous ones. The voices of the victims narrating the violence they went through and the trauma they lived with would engage the minds of peace-caring persons to speak against violence of this nature in the future. Methodology: Utilizing a qualitative study approach, the study focuses on 17 interview transcripts, statements taken from Kenyan newspapers of January 2008, online newspapers during the same period, eyewitness accounts as recorded in papers. For the theoretical framework, I used thematic analysis because these were stories “told” by the affected individuals. Findings: My aim was to purposely establish how the rhetorical narratives as told by the affected individuals “chain out”. Are there any running main themes and patterns across the narratives? What is the “master narrative? What are the “counter narratives”, how are they constructed, and how do they attack the master narrative? One of the key issues I identified in my literature review as the cause of violence in Kenya is land. Violence was rampant and severe in the rich agricultural region of the Rift Valley. Unique contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study underscores the importance of listening to people’s voices and the stories as told by the victims themselves. Narrative framework and mainly thematic analysis framework helped in the analysis of the stories told by the violence victims. The country seemed to be polarized along ethnic lines – which to me, is a big deterrent for development. Politically, people need to be educated on their political rights and not be misused by politicians for their own advantage. The government, the judicial system, the church and the Electoral Commission of Kenya should address the issues raised by these traumatized and overwhelmed individuals.
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    Medical Practitioners Influence on The Intercultural Communication Expectation by Expectant Mothers During Consultations
    (Journal of Communication, 2017) Ndung’u, Stacy Wangari; Mbutu, Paul Mutinda
    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish if medical practitioners meet the intercultural communication expectations by expectant mothers during consultations. Methodology:The study utilized a correlation research design. The target population comprised all expectant mothers within Kibera slums who were present at the selected clinics during antenatal day at the time of data collection. The target population also constituted all the twenty eight medical practitioners working at the five selected clinics as well as all the peer professionals who listen to the expectant mothers’ complaints. The study conducted a census for the medical practitioners and used convenience sampling for the expectant mothers and peer professionals. The sample size was 38 respondents. The study used a questionnaire; focus group discussion and a key informant interview guide as research instrumentsto obtain primary data.The questionnaires were self-administered with the help of two research assistants while the researcher conducted the focus group discussion with the expectant mothers and the key informant interview with the two peer proffessionals. The researcher analyzed both quantitative and qualitative data. Results:The medical practitioners indicated that expectant mothers have various expectations towards them.The medical practitioners also indicated that the expectationsofexpectant mothers affect intercultural communication of health information among expectant mothers.The peer professionals also revealed that expectant mothers had various expectations towards the medical practitioners.The expectant mothers also indicated that the medical practitioners do not have the right intercultural communication skills. Policy recommendation: The Ministry of Health should take the initiative to educate the residents of Kibera slum on the importance of attending antenatal and prenatal clinics. The MOH should also lead campaigns that condemn outdated cultural customs which subject expectant mothers to adverse risks even to the point of losing their lives. This can be done through the local media
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    Severity of Suicide Behaviors among Parasuicidal Adolescents at Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Kappa-Lagos, Nigeria
    (African Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2018) Ojuade, Samuel O.; Munene, Alice; Mbutu, Paul Mutinda
    The purpose of this study was to establish the severity of suicide behaviors and co-existing mental disorders at Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Kappa-Lagos, Nigeria. The sample size of 115 participants was selected at 80% power and 30% effective size using purposive sampling technique. The research used Suicide Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ-R), Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI), and Mood Disorders Questionnaire (MDQ) to collect data. Data obtained from researcher-generated socio-economic demographic questionnaire and standardized psychological assessment tools was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 and summarized in percentages. The results of the study show that suicide behaviors were more predominantly severe among participants aged 18-21 than participants aged 14-17. The prevalence of suicide behavior was noticed among female, university students, and Christians, especially the Pentecostals. In addition, the severity of suicidal behaviors was high among adolescents whose fathers were employed, whose mothers were jobless, whose family economic status was poor and slightly higher among adolescents whose parents lived together compared to those whose parents lived apart.
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    Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Incarcerated Male Adults with ADHD in Selected Prisons in Kenya
    (Journal of Human Resource and Leadership, 2022) Mongare, Walter; Mbutu, Paul Mutinda
    Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to give a general overview of the term “leadership” as used and explained by different authors and how it is situated in the context of group or organizational communication. I will attempt to give various definitions of key terms and concepts used in leadership discourse. Key questions like; what is leadership? What does it mean? Who is a leader? What does a leader do? Types of leaders and types of leadership styles or approaches will be explored. Methodology: The paper adopted a desktop methodology research design. Key words such as leadership styles, leadership, leader, leadership approaches, and leadership communication skills were used to source published papers from popular search engines such as google and scholar. The published papers were then assessed for quality and those found relevant were used to generate results. The type of data analysis method used was qualitative data analysis. Specifically, content analysis was used to identify key themes and research gaps from papers. Findings: Transformational leadership was found to be a critical fundamental tool, particularly in the concept of getting others to buy into necessary changes in the environment, such as workplaces, communities, and government institutions. Another finding is that leadership is the transformational credibility and capacity of men and women in institutions, communities, regions, nations, and international settings to influence people emotionally, intellectually, relationally, and willfully toward shared vision, purpose, mission, goals, objectives and activities. Therefore, any leader taking up this model must continue to be an inspiring presence, one who leads by example and is responsible for motivating others. It appears to be a form of leadership well-suited to these current times characterized by uncertainty, and societal instability. Unique contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The paper sheds light on the role that leader’s personal communication skills play in leadership. Transformational leadership is a theoretical dimension to leadership styles and types that merits consideration. Policy makers may prescribe the need for transformational leadership in the various policy documents such as the constitution sections which advocate for leadership and governance among public and private institutions. Leaders in all fora could apply transformational leadership in a bid to improve leader-follower performance outcomes.
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    The Art of Leadership – An Understanding
    (Journal of Human Resource and Leadership, 2022) Mongare, Walter; Mbutu, Paul Mutinda
    Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to give a general overview of the term “leadership” as used and explained by different authors and how it is situated in the context of group or organizational communication. I will attempt to give various definitions of key terms and concepts used in leadership discourse. Key questions like; what is leadership? What does it mean? Who is a leader? What does a leader do? Types of leaders and types of leadership styles or approaches will be explored. Methodology: The paper adopted a desktop methodology research design. Key words such as leadership styles, leadership, leader, leadership approaches, and leadership communication skills were used to source published papers from popular search engines such as google and scholar. The published papers were then assessed for quality and those found relevant were used to generate results. The type of data analysis method used was qualitative data analysis. Specifically, content analysis was used to identify key themes and research gaps from papers. Findings: Transformational leadership was found to be a critical fundamental tool, particularly in the concept of getting others to buy into necessary changes in the environment, such as workplaces, communities, and government institutions. Another finding is that leadership is the transformational credibility and capacity of men and women in institutions, communities, regions, nations, and international settings to influence people emotionally, intellectually, relationally, and willfully toward shared vision, purpose, mission, goals, objectives and activities. Therefore, any leader taking up this model must continue to be an inspiring presence, one who leads by example and is responsible for motivating others. It appears to be a form of leadership well-suited to these current times characterized by uncertainty, and societal instability. Unique contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The paper sheds light on the role that leader’s personal communication skills play in leadership. Transformational leadership is a theoretical dimension to leadership styles and types that merits consideration. Policy makers may prescribe the need for transformational leadership in the various policy documents such as the constitution sections which advocate for leadership and governance among public and private institutions. Leaders in all fora could apply transformational leadership in a bid to improve leader-follower performance outcomes.
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    The Influence of Intercultural Communication on Maternal Mortality in Kibera Slum, Nairobi County.
    (Journal of Communication, 2017) Ndung’u, Stacy Wangari; Mbutu, Paul Mutinda
    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of intercultural communicationon maternal mortality in Kibera slum, Nairobi County, Kenya. Methodology:The study utilized a correlation research design. The target population comprised all expectant mothers within Kibera slums who were present at the selected clinics during antenatal day at the time of data collection. The target population also constituted all the twenty eight medical practitioners working at the five selected clinics as well as all the peer professionals who listen to the expectant mothers’ complaints. The study conducted a census for the medical practitioners and used convenience sampling for the expectant mothers and peer professionals. The sample size was 38 respondents. The study used a questionnaire, focus group discussion and a key informant interview guide as research instrumentsto obtain primary data.The questionnaires were self-administered with the help of two research assistants while the researcher conducted the focus group discussion with the expectant mothers and the key informant interview with the two peer proffessionals. Results: Based on the findings the study concluded that expectant mothers’ in Kibera slum uphold various cultural norms which affect intercultural communication between the mothers and medical practitioners negatively. The study also concluded that expectant mothers in Kibera slum had expectations about the medical practitioners’ intercultural communication skills. These expectationsaffect intercultural communication of health information among expectant mothers. Further, the study concluded that expectant mothers have negative attitudes towards the medical practitioners which significantly contributed to maternal mortality in Kibera slum. Policy recommendation: The Ministry of Health should take the initiative to educate the residents of Kibera slum on the importance of attending antenatal and prenatal clinics. The MOH should also lead campaigns that condemn outdated cultural customs which subject expectant mothers to adverse risks even to the point of losing their lives. This can be done through the local media
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    Victims Understanding Of Government through Actions and Communication: The Case of Garissa University College Terror Attack
    (International Journal of International Relations, Media and Mass Communication Studies, 2020-12) Aswani, Daniel Robert; Mbutu, Paul Mutinda; Mwithia, Kinya Jesica
    This study falls within the government communication field. In the study, we aim at exploring what citizens make of government from its actions and communication. The study was contextualized in the government actions and communication during the 2015 Garissa University College terror attack. Terrorism is violent communication aimed at discrediting the position that governments protect citizens’ lives and property. How government deals with the attackers and how it communicates to citizens who eagerly await government communication reveals something about the nature of government. Although government communicates to the citizens, studies have been silent on citizen feedback based on the messages and actions of the government. This study adopted a qualitative approach and took a hermeneutic phenomenological design where terror victims’ lived experiences were interrogated to elucidate some perceptions towards government and government communication. Three methods were used to generate data, namely: interviews, observation and document analysis. The study findings revealed that terror victims interacted with government — an interaction that revealed a government that send mixed signals on its capacity to handle the situation