Journal Articles
Permanent URI for this collection
Browse
Recent Submissions
Item Inculcating Spiritual Disciplines among Post-High School Youth A Case Study of the Vuma Transitional Program of the Nairobi Chapel Church, Nairobi Kenya(International Journal of Education Humanities and Social Science, 2021) Murumba, Pauline C.The future of any society is vested in the younger generation; and religious heritage is important in enhancing morality in society. In Kenya, culture change has led to a gap whereby the rite of passage in early adolescence only prepares young people for teenage life. After high school, when the Kenyan law recognizes them as adults, there is no institutionalized ROP. This creates a gap because youth are left alone to maneuver young adulthood. Realizing this gap, a few churches have developed curricula whereby they equip the youth with religious instruction that can jump start them into the next phase of life. Using Kolb’s experiential learning theory, this study endeavored to establish the role of church based transitional programs in inculcating Christian spiritual disciplines among post high school youth. A case study was done on the 2018 edition of the VUMA program organized by the Nairobi Chapel Church, Nairobi Kenya. In this phenomenological study, 30 out of 112 youth and all the five counselors and program director participated in interviews. The data was then transcribed into text and subsequently coded using the NVIVO software. The emerging themes provided the basis for discussion of the results. Findings revealed that the program inculcated a culture of Bible Study and Prayer among the youth through daily activities of Quiet Time, Bible study and teachings.Item Maritime Insecurity at Lake Victoria, Homa Bay County Exploring the Socio-Economic Factors that Contributes to Instability(Jumuga Journal of Education, Oral Studies, and Human Sciences (JJEOSHS), 2003) Handa, Diana; Musya, JustusThis research article examines the significance of maritime security, as one of the most recent axioms of international relations and diplomacy. It focusses on the socioeconomic factors that contribute to maritime insecurity along Lake Victoria's Homa Bay shores. In order to determine the research outcome, a qualitative research approach and an exploratory research design were used in unveiling the problem under consideration. Individuals and organizations/institutions from the Homa Bay’s Lake Region site were the target population. The research article has employed the purposive sampling technique and the saturation principle to obtain a sample size of 36 participants: 12 for in-depth interviews and 4 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) of 6 members each. The study also used qualitative interviews, focus groups, and observation to collect data. According to the findings, the main Illegal, Unregulated, and Unreported (IUU) fishing issues in Lake Victoria, Homa Bay County are unauthorized fishing, criminal gangs and pirates, encroachment by foreign fishers, employment of minors/children as fishers, use of prohibited gears and fishing methods, and fishing young, endangered, and protected fish species. Furthermore, IUU fishing is endangering fish stocks in Lake Victoria's Homa Bay County. In its results findings, the research article recommends that more patrol officers guard the waters in order to prevent illegal fishers and criminal gangs from roaming freely.Item Implementation of early childhood development education service standard guidelines on physical facilities in public and private early childhood education centres Kakamega County, Kenya(Journal of Early Child Development and Care, 2016) Sitati, Emmily Mugasia; Ndirangu, Mwangi; Bota, Kennedy; Rapongo, Georgechildhood development education (ECDE) service standard guidelines to guide the ECDE stakeholders in provision of early childhood education (ECE) programmes. The study sought to investigate the implementation of the ECDE service standard guidelines on provision of physical facilities in ECE centres in Kakamega County. A descriptive survey design was adopted. Head teachers and ECE teacher were the study subjects. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data. The instruments were validated through expert judgement and pilot testing. The findings revealed that there were no significant differences in adherence to the government guidelines in provision of classrooms and furniture. Nonetheless, significant differences existed between the two categories in adherence to the government guidelines in provision of water and sanitary and play facilities. The study recommended that the MoE infrastructure fund should be extended to ECE centres.Item Research Authorization Processes: A Descriptive Comparison of Kenya and The United States of America(Journal of the Kenya National Commission for UNESCO, 2023) LeAnn, Jonhson; Namai, JoabObtaining research authorization to ensure compliance with ethics regulations is critical for those seeking to conduct research. Consequently, the primary objective of this study was to closely examine information regarding review boards and review processes that a researcher would encounter during the process of preparing and submitting a proposal. Information posted about the review process from two similar universities, one in the USA representing a localized review process and one in Kenya representing a centralized review process was analyzed to address two key questions, “How well does each system support the successful approval of the researcher in preparing a proposal,” and, “How might the strengths of each system be used to improve the other to better support increased research for all?” Methodology focused on using key features related to five questions a new researcher might ask when preparing and submitting a proposal: What structure governs the review process? What is the composition of the review board? What does the research approval process involve? What information and documents are required for submitting a proposal? What evaluation criteria are used to ensure fair and consistent review of research proposals? Side by side comparative charts of key features related to each of these questions was used for the analysis. It was concluded that both systems supported the approval of ethical research and that both institutions adhered to their respective government’s research ethics policies. The biggest differences in the two systems related to the actual information provided by the institution to guide proposal development and submission, ethics training provided to researchers, costs, and timelines. The most significant weakness for both institutions was lack of information regarding specific criteria used for evaluation of proposals. Consequently, four recommendations were made. First, a supportive and positive relationship needs to exist between the review board and researchers. Structural elements that create an adversarial rather than cooperative relationship need to be identified and eliminated in order to provide collaborative support. This is particularly important for novice researchers. Second, providing or developing ethics training for researchers has the potential of reducing frustration for those preparing a proposal and increasing the quality of submissions to the review board. Third, while there is cost associated with research review, placing the burden of this cost on individual researchers can be detrimental to promoting research. Governments and institutions need to consider the value of research and find ways to reduce or eliminate personal costs to the researcher. Finally, it is imperative that review boards provide current, accurate, and complete information regarding proposal preparation and develop rubrics that result in transparent evaluation and useable feedback for the researcher.Item The Journey of the Church: Engagement and Interactions through the Crisis towards the Finish in Alignment with Eschatological Times.(East African Journal of Traditions, Culture and Religion, 2021) Oduor, PeterThe study seeks to study the Christian narrative unearthing the wealth of resources inherent in it to act as a stimulant and a motivating force for the present church towards the much-desired immortality that is the mark of the finish. It is an account that dates back to the first century during the formation of the church to the present state of the church in her pursuit of an alignment to the eschatological roadmap stipulated in scriptures. The study employs the scholarship of the historical Christian narrative from the analogical perspective of a journey of the Israelites in the Pentateuch towards Canaan. This was a journey that was characterized by pulsations of moving and stopping based on the instruction and guidance of God. Similarly, the Christian story is one that is emphatic with regard to the involvement of God in the Christian journey. The study captures the dominant moves of God over the centuries and their significant contribution to the establishment and progress of Christianity and the key players in the entire process from the protestant movement to the Apostolic Reformation. This will facilitate the understanding of the church in her present state as a product of her past journey and development with regard to offering guidance and facilitation of Christian practice. It will help the church with regard to guidance to help her avoid falling into the pit that their forerunners fell into and also motivate her towards greater exploits for GodItem The Relationship Between Training of Assessors and Appropriate Placement of Children with Special Needs. The case of Uasin Gishu County. Kenya(International Journal of Arts and Entrepreneurship, 2015) Rotumoi, Joseph; Maru, Eunice; Cherui, RodgersThe study assessed support levels for placement of children with Special Needs Education in Uasin Gishu County in Rift Valley province. The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between training of assessors and appropriate placement of children with Special Needs. The study adopted the theory of Planned Behaviour that relates to intention of behavior. A descriptive survey design was employed for the planning and execution of the study. Stratified, Simple Random and Purposive sampling techniques were used in choosing the sample size. The target population which is also the sample for the study included Education Officers, assessors at the education assessment centres, affected parents and Special Needs Education Teachers. The research instruments used to collect data were questionnaires, interview schedule and Observation checklist. Data collected was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The study findings revealed that the country was still far from achieving education INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP VOLUME 4, ISSUE 9, 2015 http://www.ijsse.org ISSN 2307-6305 Page | 21 for all as attested by the fact that over 1.8 children with SNE had not been assessed and placed in appropriate programmes despite the governments’ effort of setting up EARCs in all the districts with the aim of taking the services closer to people. The study findings are expected to benefit educational planners in recommending for allocation of more resources for training, in-service and equipping the centres for better performance, enhance sensitization of parents and general public about the functions and value of assessment centres. It is further hoped that the findings of the study will bring about greater awareness with regard to the value of the assessment centresItem Influence of teaching experience on pupils’ performance at Kenya Certificate of Primary Examination in English subject in Kenya(IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education, 2019-06) Wandera, Susan; Imonje, Rosemary; Akala, WinstonTeaching experience is a repository of competencies and knowledge skills acquired by a classroom teacher in the field of teaching and assessing learner performance in formative and summative examinations. In the realm of teaching and learning English language and English composition as a subject, teacher (teaching) experience is an indicator of teacher familiarity through experiential learning of various instructional approaches for effective contentment delivery in a classroom domain. It further equips the classroom teacher with skills and competences on how to engage learners and maintain learner discipline during a class session inside or outside a school setting. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of teacher (teaching) experience on pupils’ performance in KCPE examination in English subject in Kenya. The study used descriptive research design and purposive sampling as its method for research. The unit of analysis included teachers from public primary schools in Machakos County. The respondents were Primary school teachers who teach English subject in KCPE examination classes. The sample size was 132 teachers with teaching experience of between I year and 31 years. Data collection was done through questionnaires. The study found gradual increase in candidates’ performance at Kenya Certificate of Primary Examination in English subject in Kenya from a Mean score of 45.8 % corresponding to teacher teaching experience of 4 years to a maximum Mean score of 53.2 % corresponding to 15 – 19 years of teacher teaching experience. The study also found that there was gradual decrease in candidates’ performance at Kenya Certificate of Primary Examination in English subject in Kenya to 51.8 % corresponding to teacher teaching experience of 20 years and above. Candidates taught by teachers with teaching experience of 20 years achieved a Mean score of 53.1 %. Study concluded that teacher teaching experience significantly influences pupils’ performance at Kenya Certificate of Primary Examination in English subject in Kenya. This influence is moderated by other factors such as age and work environment. Recommendations of study purposed to enhance pupils’ performance at Kenya Certificate of Primary Examination in English subject are: (1) Promote high performing experienced teachers to higher responsibilities in order to boost their morale for the purpose of enhancing their classroom performance; (2) Develop teacher teaching experience through teacher exchange programmes and skills development trainings during school vacation; (3) Sustain morale of experienced teachers who are high performers by improving their terms of service like remuneration and timely promotion of deserving teachers; (4) Institutionalize mentoring programmes in schools to hasten transfer of experiential knowledge skills from more experienced teachers to less experienced teachers; and (5) Improve teacher-administration work relations, school resources and related physical infrastructure.Item How Indigenous Leadership Research in Africa Can Inspire National Prosperity(Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2023-07-18) Bukusi, Allan Doyle Mududa; Korir, Agnes Jemutai; Musya, Justus KitooThis paper challenges leaders involved in governance, politics, academia, industry and leadership training to access the Afrocentric leadership advantage to unlock the wisdom and benefits of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) across the continent. The authors conducted a review of recent published literature by African leadership scholars that authenticate indigenous leadership thought in the face of historic, colonial and imperial Eurocentric western theory. The authors re-position indigenous leadership research as a critical center-piece and last-mile strategy to achieve pragmatic national transformation. The authors argue that hegemonic Eurocentric leadership models serve to satisfy global, financial and economic capital gains metrics, but do not always serve the social wellbeing and transformative growth interests of local communities. The paper urges policy makers, leadership program developers and business innovators to access and incorporate the findings of Indigenous Leadership Research in Africa (ILRA) to inspire national development and prosperity over the next 200 years.Item Effect of Political Mobilization on Political Violence in Nairobi County, Kenya: Focus on Mathare and Kibra Informal Settlements(: International Journal of Management Sciences (IJMS, 2017-06-16) Musya, JustusThis article arose out of a need to understand better the role of political elite and actors in the mobilization of ethnic supporters for political action, specifically the recurrent political violence, in Kibra and Mathare. To investigate how political elites consolidate ethnic mobilization and use it in political contests, quantitative analysis was used and involved a proportional stratified random sample. A sample size of sample size of (n=766) was used and was divided equally between Kibra (n=383) and Mathare (n=383). The sample was weighted to reflected the relative sample sizes in Kibra (n=7) and Mathare (n=6). The sample was disaggregated as “in-group”, “out-group”, and “other group”. The “in-group” (n=296) were presumed ethnic supporters of the ruling elite during the 2007 presidential election and the “out-group” (n=268) supported the non-ruling elite in this contest. Besides, these groups had engaged severally in ethno-political conflicts in the study area. The “other-group” (n=202) belonged to smaller ethnic groups living in the study area who did not belong to the core ethnic groups from who the political elite drew political support. The group was used as an analytical tool –to compare conflict attitudes and behaviour against the “in-group and “out groups.” Regarding political mobilization apropos the 2007-2008 national election, statistically significant differences were observed, with the “in-group” having higher levels of mobilization than the “out-group”. This suggests the “in-group”, was keener to preserve its status of privilege than the “out-group” was to shed off its marginalised status. Regarding scores for political violence, the “out group” had lower scores than the “in-group”, suggesting the “out-group” had stronger negative attitudes and behaviour towards the “in-group” than did the latter towards the former group. Hypotheses testing showed that political mobilization was a significant factor in the outbreak of political violence in the study area. But significant differences were observed vis a vis the “in-group” and “out-group”. Political mobilization was a factor in political violence for the “in-group” and not for the “out-group", the presumed initiators of the violence in the study area. Political violence occurred spontaneously when animosities of the “out-group” escalated, triggered by the declaration of a disputed election. But the use of political violence as a tool to achieve political objectives was organised and enabled by political elites, who used ethnic militia to score political objectivesItem ‘Kairos’ Theology in Apartheid South Africa(Churchman, 2012) Musya, JustusThis paper is about theological discourse in South Africa during apartheid. John de Grouchy has identified four theological approaches that emerged during that period. These theologies are: (1) confessing, (2) black liberation, (3) feminist, and (4) kairos or prophetic.1 In this study, I dwell on the kairos theology. I examine its impacts on apartheid and propound its implications for African Christianity.Item Ubuntu Philosophy as a Technology for the Foundational Architecture of African Ecclesiology in Reference to Harvest Revival Ministry Churches in Kenya(East African Journal of Traditions, Culture and Religion, 2021) Oduor, PeterThe study seeks to study the Christian narrative unearthing the wealth of resources inherent in it to act as a stimulant and a motivating force for the present church towards the much-desired immortality that is the mark of the finish. It is an account that dates back to the first century during the formation of the church to the present state of the church in her pursuit of an alignment to the eschatological roadmap stipulated in scriptures. The study employs the scholarship of the historical Christian narrative from the analogical perspective of a journey of the Israelites in the Pentateuch towards Canaan. This was a journey that was characterized by pulsations of moving and stopping based on the instruction and guidance of God. Similarly, the Christian story is one that is emphatic with regard to the involvement of God in the Christian journey. The study captures the dominant moves of God over the centuries and their significant contribution to the establishment and progress of Christianity and the key players in the entire process from the protestant movement to the Apostolic Reformation. This will facilitate the understanding of the church in her present state as a product of her past journey and development with regard to offering guidance and facilitation of Christian practice. It will help the church with regard to guidance to help her avoid falling into the pit that their forerunners fell into and also motivate her towards greater exploits for GodItem Intersection of Culture, Ecclesia, and Transgender Persons Navigating Identity, Beliefs, and Acceptance(Jumuga Journal of Education, Oral Studies, and Human Sciences (JJEOSHS), 2023) Ndiinu, Lydiah W.; Musya, Justus K.Transgender persons in Kenya, Africa and the world continue to face discrimination in various facets of their lifetimes, which has negative impacts on their wellbeing. This is evident right from their respective homes, among their neighbourhoods, in educational institutions, in public and social places, and in their workplaces. The Church, as a public and social place, is crucial for the wellbeing of individuals, communities, and society in general, including transgender persons. In addition, Kenyan citizens practise various cultures and traditions, alongside other faiths that they have earned their conversion, with majority practising Christianity, followed by Islam, and other religions. These African cultures and traditions are integral in socialisation at the community level, given the fact that, by and large, it still ‘takes a village to raise up a child’. As such, discrimination of transgender persons in the Church and in the local African cultures and traditions does not bode well for the wellbeing of these transgender persons. That said, there is need for the above trio to embrace transgender persons as Christ embraced all, and as African cultures and traditions also embraced different genders and sexualities. This will serve to demonstrate a workable and/or logical intersection of love, inclusivity and community. This research article utilizes an extensive review of literature to arrive at the key points. Analysis of these key points has been done in our bid to understand the intersection between the trios.Item Evaluation of the Level of Awareness and Support Offered By Relevant Stakeholders for Appropriate Placement of Children with Special Needs in Kenya A Case of Uasin Gishu County(International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 2016-09) Cherui, Rodgers; Maru, EuniceThe study assessed support levels for placement of children with Special Needs Education in Uasin Gishu County in Rift Valley province. The objective of the study was to evaluate the level of awareness and support offered by relevant stakeholders in placement of children with Special Needs. The study adopted the theory of Planned Behaviour that relates to intention of behavior. A descriptive survey design was employed for the planning and execution of the study. Stratified, Simple Random and Purposive sampling techniques were used in choosing the sample size. The target population which is also the sample for the study included Education Officers, assessors at the education assessment centres, affected parents and Special Needs Education Teachers. The research instruments used to collect data were questionnaires, interview schedule and Observation checklist. Data collected was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The study findings revealed that the country was still far from achieving education for all as attested by the fact that over 1.8 children with SNE had not been assessed and placed in appropriate programmes despite the governments’ effort of setting up EARCs in all the districts with the aim of taking the services closer to people. The study findings are expected to benefit educational planners in recommending for allocation of more resources for training, in-service and equipping the centres for better performance, enhance sensitization of parents and general public about the functions and value of assessment centres. It is further hoped that the findings of the study will bring about greater awareness with regard to the value of the assessment centres.Item The Influence of the Kipsigis Concept of Blessings and Curses on the Understanding of Biblical Concept of Shalom: Toward a Renewed Understandin(ShahidiHub International Journal of Theology & Religious Studies-, 2022) Kitur, Catherine; Murumba, PaulineThis study examines the traditional African concept of blessings and curses among the Kipsigis people to uncover how these beliefs influence the understanding of the biblical concept of Shalom, which depicts peace and wholeness in all spheres of life. Biblical salvation is often wrongly construed as the ending of all forms of pain and suffering. This is compounded by the theology of prosperity that teaches that authentic Christian faith results in material wealth and physical well-being. Thus, many believers in Christ suffer in silence because of the stigma and faulty understanding that a Christian should not experience brokenness. This paper presents the true meaning of Shalom as an integral aspect of salvation. It highlights the power of God through pain and suffering. The study argues that many Christians fear curses because they are ignorant of the scriptures. Christians need to understand their identity in Christ‘s work to overcome the fear of curses and the powers of evil.Item Procedures Used in Developing and Validating the Quality of Life Scale in the Context of the Ethno-Political Conflicts in Mathare and Kibra, Nairobi City County, Kenya(Society & Sustainability, 2020) Musya, Justus K.Slight differences in standard of living, issuing from horizontal inequalities between ethnic groups, are a predicate of ethnopolitical violence in Kenya. Developing and validating a scale to estimate the quality of life differences, between warring ethnic groups, can deepen our understanding of an important precursor of ethnopolitical conflict. From a careful review of poverty and developmental literature, the 16 items used in the Quality of Life Scale emerged. In subsequent exploratory factor analysis, a three-factor solution surfaced, and this was subjected to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The CFA model scale met the criteria for composite reliability, construct validity, and strict factorial invariance. The scale has enriched our understanding of the three latent dimensions of quality of life that matter most in characterizing the quality of life. First, the indicator "proud about your life" was the strongest factor for latent factor social and physical wellbeing. Second, “can save income”, a proxy for quality of employment. This was the leading indicator for latent factor disposable income. Third, and the indicator “house comfortable to live in” was the notable indicator of latent factor living standards. The Quality of Life Scale can track trends in quality of life of ethnic groups that have a history of ethnopolitical conflict in places like Mathare and Kibra. The scale can be used in other known hotspots of violence in Kenya too where ethnic groups are susceptible to ethnopolitical conflict borne of quality of life differences.Item Provision of Teaching/Learning Resources in the EarlyChildhoodEducationCentres in Kakamega County, Kenya.(IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2017-01) Sitati, Emmily Mugasia; Bota, Kennedy; Mwangi, NdiranguThe early childhood education sector in Kenya does not receive direct funding from the government like the primary and secondary sectors. This then calls for stakeholders to provide finances for procurement of teaching/learning resources and other resources. The purpose of this study was to establish the provision of teaching/learning resources in ECE in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive survey design to investigate this in Kakamega County, Kenya. Purposive sampling was used to select 3 sub-counties (30 % of the population). Proportionate stratified random sampling was used to select 30 % of the public and private ECEs to participate. Head teachers and one teacher from the selected each ECE participated in the study. However where more than one teacher was found in an ECE centre, simple random sampling through balloting was used to select the one to participate. The DEOs and DICECE Officers of the selected sub-counties were selected purposively to participate in the study. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from the ECE head teachers and teachers, interview schedules from the DEOs and DICECE officers and observation schedules used to collect data on availability of teaching learning resources in the ECE centres. The instruments were validated through expert judgement and pilot-testing. Reliability was estimated using Cronbach‟s coefficient Alpha which was 0.80 and deemed adequate for the study. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse data. The findings of the study revealedthatstakeholders had made good efforts to buy instructional materials in both the public and private ECE centres. The study recommends that the government should streamline ECE within the policy of free primary education and expand the school equipment production unit (SEPU) to institute ECE equipment and materials.Item The imperative for real-world experiences in Kenyan teacher preparation for disability inclusive teaching(African Journal for Teacher Education, 2023) Johnson, LeAnn A.; Githinji, Scolastica Kariuki; Namai, JoabTraditional university-based teacher training in Kenya has relied on theoretical campus-based coursework which provides strong knowledge but little opportunity to develop practical skills. The need for practical skills is particularly evident for teacher candidates who are expected to teach students with disabilities who attend class in regular education settings. This case study outlines a pilot class at Daystar University that incorporated video, field trips, and real-world assignments within an experiential learning model to determine the impact of real-world experiences on student attitudes towards individuals with disabilities and their families, knowledge of disabilities, and skills in identifying and using understanding of learner strengths and weaknesses to make instructional recommendations and incorporate those recommendations into the design of class-wide learning activities. Teacher candidates enrolled in the pilot class reported positive changes in attitude and understanding towards individuals with disabilities, increased learning, and had more confidence in their ability to work in inclusive classrooms. These results have implications for ongoing curriculum restructuring in teacher education in areas of the world where educator preparation lacks the necessary resources for implementing a series of fully supported field experiences leading to a full-time teaching practice opportunity.Item The role of stakeholders in professional development of ECE teachers in Kakamega County, Kenya(Journal of Education and Practice, 2014) Sitati, Emmily Mugasia; Bota, Kennedy; Mwangi, NdiranguEarly Childhood Education (ECE) in Kenya does not receive direct government financial support as other sectors of education and therefore relies on a number of stakeholders for financial, human, physical and teaching/learning resources. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of stakeholders in professional development of ECE teachers in Kakamega County, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive survey design to investigate this. Purposive sampling was used to select 3 sub-counties which was approximately 30 % of the population. Proportionate stratified random sampling was used to select the participating ECE centres from the selected sub-counties. Thirty percent (30 %) of the public and private ECEs were sampled. Head teachers from each ECE participated in the study making a total of 62 and 122 head teachers from private and public ECE respectively. One teacher from the sampled ECE centres participated in the study. However where more than one teacher was found in an ECE centre, simple random sampling through balloting was used to select the one to participate. The DEOs and DICECE Officers of the selected sub-counties were selected purposively to participate in the study. The sample frame consisted of 184 head teachers, 184 teachers, 3 DEOs and 3 DICECE officers. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from the ECE head teachers and teachers and interview schedules from the DEOs and DICECE officers. The instruments were validated through expert judgment and pilot-testing. Collected data was edited, organized in line with research questions, coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze data. Findings were presented in frequency tables, charts and graphs. The findings of the study revealed that the sub-sector was dominated by females who are belied to be better in teaching children. The study further revealed that majority of the ECE teachers had met minimum qualification. The Ministry of education and parents were not keen on funding professional development of teachers and that individual teachers funded their own professional development. The study concluded that stakeholder’s role in professional development of ECE teachers was minimal. The study recommended that the government should expand the scholarship programs to cover ECE pupils and teacher traineesItem Correlates Between Teacher –Student Relationship Supportiveness and Adolescents’ Psychological Adjustment.(Int. J. Adv. Res, 2016-10-30) Kariuki, ScholasticaChildren on average spend at least 15,000 hours in class rooms from age 4 or 5 until they leave high school (Meece & Eccles, 2010). The institutions therefore are the critical contexts for nurturing desirable values, beliefs, principles and ideas. This is more so for Kenya in the view that behaviour problems among Kenyan secondary school students have been on the rise (Aloka, & Bujuwoye, 2013). This study sought to establish the relationship between school supportiveness and adolescents’ psychosocial development, with the intent to enhance adolescents’ adjustment in school. The study employed a sample of 240 adolescents aged 13-18 and drawn from 4 Counties purposively selected from 47 Counties in Kenya. A final sample of 240 was obtained through multistage sampling strategy. The study was a descriptive correlational survey; it involved gathering data from adolescents using a questionnaire to assess the relationship between school supportiveness and adolescents’ psychosocial adjustment. Findings showed that students-teachers relationship supportiveness was positively significantly correlated with adolescents’ Psychosocial adjustment at r 165*, n 222, p = .014 <.05, prosocial behaviours at r.170*, n = 222, p .011 < .05, social helpfulness at r.149*, n = 219, p .028 < .05, and resilience to risky behaviours at r.204**, n = 218, p .003 < .05. It was concluded that teacher- student relationship supportiveness influences adolescents’ social helpfulness, prosocial behaviours and resiliency to risky behaviours as well as overall psychosocial adjustment.Item Evaluation of Resource Needs and Service Delivery of Performance Contracting in Public Primary Teachers Training Colleges in Kenya(IJSRST, 2016) Kipkenei, Simon; Ndiku, Judah; Maiyo, Julius; Cherui, RodgersPerformance contract as a branch of management science refers to a management control systems which is a contractual agreement to execute a service according to an agreed upon terms, within an established time period and with a stipulated use of resources and performance standards. The government of Kenya introduced performance contract signing in 2004. The aim was to improve service delivery and resource utilization in public institutions among other objectives. The introduction of performance contracting in public primary teachers training colleges was an effort to institute a framework of accountability and enhance service delivery in Kenya. This study sought to establish the availability of resources for implementing Performance contracting with an aim of improving service delivery to the public. It employed descriptive survey design. The target population was 2270 employees and 783 members of the students’ councils of Public Primary Teachers Training Colleges. Purposive sampling, simple random sampling and stratified random sampling were used to identify the sample population. A total of 429 respondents formed the sample size representing 30% of the study population. The study revealed several challenges in the implementation process which included lack of funds, lack of training and capacity building of employees regarding performance contracting, ambiguity in the process and resistance by personnel to participate in the process hence these challenges had hindered the successful implementation of Performance contracts in PPTTCs. It is recommended that performance contracting strategy should be strengthened with the availing of more financial resources to ensure that the required learning and teaching resources are all made available.